# Source - LangChain
# URL: https://github.com/langchain-ai/langchain/blob/6a5b084704afa22ca02f78d0464f35aed75d1ff2/libs/langchain/langchain/text_splitter.py#L851
"""**Text Splitters** are classes for splitting text.


**Class hierarchy:**

.. code-block::

    BaseDocumentTransformer --> TextSplitter --> <name>TextSplitter  # Example: CharacterTextSplitter
                                                 RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter -->  <name>TextSplitter

Note: **MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter** and **HTMLHeaderTextSplitter do not derive from TextSplitter.


**Main helpers:**

.. code-block::

    Document, Tokenizer, Language, LineType, HeaderType

"""  # noqa: E501

from __future__ import annotations

import copy
import json
import logging
import pathlib
import re
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import Enum
from io import BytesIO, StringIO
from typing import (
    AbstractSet,
    Any,
    Callable,
    Collection,
    Iterable,
    Literal,
    Optional,
    Sequence,
    Tuple,
    Type,
    TypedDict,
    TypeVar,
    cast,
)

import requests
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PrivateAttr
from typing_extensions import NotRequired

logger = logging.getLogger()

TS = TypeVar("TS", bound="TextSplitter")


class BaseSerialized(TypedDict):
    """Base class for serialized objects."""

    lc: int
    id: list[str]
    name: NotRequired[str]
    graph: NotRequired[dict[str, Any]]


class SerializedConstructor(BaseSerialized):
    """Serialized constructor."""

    type: Literal["constructor"]
    kwargs: dict[str, Any]


class SerializedSecret(BaseSerialized):
    """Serialized secret."""

    type: Literal["secret"]


class SerializedNotImplemented(BaseSerialized):
    """Serialized not implemented."""

    type: Literal["not_implemented"]
    repr: Optional[str]


def try_neq_default(value: Any, key: str, model: BaseModel) -> bool:
    """Try to determine if a value is different from the default.

    Args:
        value: The value.
        key: The key.
        model: The model.

    Returns:
        Whether the value is different from the default.
    """
    try:
        return model.__fields__[key].get_default() != value
    except Exception:
        return True


class Serializable(BaseModel, ABC):
    """Serializable base class."""

    @classmethod
    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
        """Is this class serializable?"""
        return False

    @classmethod
    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
        """Get the namespace of the langchain object.

        For example, if the class is `langchain.llms.openai.OpenAI`, then the
        namespace is ["langchain", "llms", "openai"]
        """
        return cls.__module__.split(".")

    @property
    def lc_secrets(self) -> dict[str, str]:
        """A map of constructor argument names to secret ids.

        For example,
            {"openai_api_key": "OPENAI_API_KEY"}
        """
        return {}

    @property
    def lc_attributes(self) -> dict:
        """List of attribute names that should be included in the serialized kwargs.

        These attributes must be accepted by the constructor.
        """
        return {}

    @classmethod
    def lc_id(cls) -> list[str]:
        """A unique identifier for this class for serialization purposes.

        The unique identifier is a list of strings that describes the path
        to the object.
        """
        return [*cls.get_lc_namespace(), cls.__name__]

    class Config:
        extra = "ignore"

    def __repr_args__(self) -> Any:
        return [
            (k, v)
            for k, v in super().__repr_args__()
            if (k not in self.__fields__ or try_neq_default(v, k, self))
        ]

    _lc_kwargs: dict[str, Any] = PrivateAttr(default_factory=dict)

    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._lc_kwargs = kwargs

    def to_json(
        self,
    ) -> SerializedConstructor | SerializedNotImplemented:
        if not self.is_lc_serializable():
            return self.to_json_not_implemented()

        secrets = dict()
        # Get latest values for kwargs if there is an attribute with same name
        lc_kwargs = {
            k: getattr(self, k, v)
            for k, v in self._lc_kwargs.items()
            if not (self.__exclude_fields__ or {}).get(k, False)  # type: ignore
        }

        # Merge the lc_secrets and lc_attributes from every class in the MRO
        for cls in [None, *self.__class__.mro()]:
            # Once we get to Serializable, we're done
            if cls is Serializable:
                break

            if cls:
                deprecated_attributes = [
                    "lc_namespace",
                    "lc_serializable",
                ]

                for attr in deprecated_attributes:
                    if hasattr(cls, attr):
                        raise ValueError(
                            f"Class {self.__class__} has a deprecated "
                            f"attribute {attr}. Please use the corresponding "
                            f"classmethod instead."
                        )

            # Get a reference to self bound to each class in the MRO
            this = cast(
                Serializable, self if cls is None else super(cls, self)
            )

            secrets.update(this.lc_secrets)
            # Now also add the aliases for the secrets
            # This ensures known secret aliases are hidden.
            # Note: this does NOT hide any other extra kwargs
            # that are not present in the fields.
            for key in list(secrets):
                value = secrets[key]
                if key in this.__fields__:
                    secrets[this.__fields__[key].alias] = value  # type: ignore
            lc_kwargs.update(this.lc_attributes)

        # include all secrets, even if not specified in kwargs
        # as these secrets may be passed as an environment variable instead
        for key in secrets.keys():
            secret_value = getattr(self, key, None) or lc_kwargs.get(key)
            if secret_value is not None:
                lc_kwargs.update({key: secret_value})

        return {
            "lc": 1,
            "type": "constructor",
            "id": self.lc_id(),
            "kwargs": (
                lc_kwargs
                if not secrets
                else _replace_secrets(lc_kwargs, secrets)
            ),
        }

    def to_json_not_implemented(self) -> SerializedNotImplemented:
        return to_json_not_implemented(self)


def _replace_secrets(
    root: dict[Any, Any], secrets_map: dict[str, str]
) -> dict[Any, Any]:
    result = root.copy()
    for path, secret_id in secrets_map.items():
        [*parts, last] = path.split(".")
        current = result
        for part in parts:
            if part not in current:
                break
            current[part] = current[part].copy()
            current = current[part]
        if last in current:
            current[last] = {
                "lc": 1,
                "type": "secret",
                "id": [secret_id],
            }
    return result


def to_json_not_implemented(obj: object) -> SerializedNotImplemented:
    """Serialize a "not implemented" object.

    Args:
        obj: object to serialize

    Returns:
        SerializedNotImplemented
    """
    _id: list[str] = []
    try:
        if hasattr(obj, "__name__"):
            _id = [*obj.__module__.split("."), obj.__name__]
        elif hasattr(obj, "__class__"):
            _id = [
                *obj.__class__.__module__.split("."),
                obj.__class__.__name__,
            ]
    except Exception:
        pass

    result: SerializedNotImplemented = {
        "lc": 1,
        "type": "not_implemented",
        "id": _id,
        "repr": None,
    }
    try:
        result["repr"] = repr(obj)
    except Exception:
        pass
    return result


class SplitterDocument(Serializable):
    """Class for storing a piece of text and associated metadata."""

    page_content: str
    """String text."""
    metadata: dict = Field(default_factory=dict)
    """Arbitrary metadata about the page content (e.g., source, relationships to other
        documents, etc.).
    """
    type: Literal["Document"] = "Document"

    def __init__(self, page_content: str, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """Pass page_content in as positional or named arg."""
        super().__init__(page_content=page_content, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def is_lc_serializable(cls) -> bool:
        """Return whether this class is serializable."""
        return True

    @classmethod
    def get_lc_namespace(cls) -> list[str]:
        """Get the namespace of the langchain object."""
        return ["langchain", "schema", "document"]


class BaseDocumentTransformer(ABC):
    """Abstract base class for document transformation systems.

    A document transformation system takes a sequence of Documents and returns a
    sequence of transformed Documents.

    Example:
        .. code-block:: python

            class EmbeddingsRedundantFilter(BaseDocumentTransformer, BaseModel):
                embeddings: Embeddings
                similarity_fn: Callable = cosine_similarity
                similarity_threshold: float = 0.95

                class Config:
                    arbitrary_types_allowed = True

                def transform_documents(
                    self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
                ) -> Sequence[Document]:
                    stateful_documents = get_stateful_documents(documents)
                    embedded_documents = _get_embeddings_from_stateful_docs(
                        self.embeddings, stateful_documents
                    )
                    included_idxs = _filter_similar_embeddings(
                        embedded_documents, self.similarity_fn, self.similarity_threshold
                    )
                    return [stateful_documents[i] for i in sorted(included_idxs)]

                async def atransform_documents(
                    self, documents: Sequence[Document], **kwargs: Any
                ) -> Sequence[Document]:
                    raise NotImplementedError

    """  # noqa: E501

    @abstractmethod
    def transform_documents(
        self, documents: Sequence[SplitterDocument], **kwargs: Any
    ) -> Sequence[SplitterDocument]:
        """Transform a list of documents.

        Args:
            documents: A sequence of Documents to be transformed.

        Returns:
            A list of transformed Documents.
        """

    async def atransform_documents(
        self, documents: Sequence[SplitterDocument], **kwargs: Any
    ) -> Sequence[SplitterDocument]:
        """Asynchronously transform a list of documents.

        Args:
            documents: A sequence of Documents to be transformed.

        Returns:
            A list of transformed Documents.
        """
        raise NotImplementedError("This method is not implemented.")
        # return await langchain_core.runnables.config.run_in_executor(
        #     None, self.transform_documents, documents, **kwargs
        # )


def _make_spacy_pipe_for_splitting(
    pipe: str, *, max_length: int = 1_000_000
) -> Any:  # avoid importing spacy
    try:
        import spacy
    except ImportError:
        raise ImportError(
            "Spacy is not installed, please install it with `pip install spacy`."
        )
    if pipe == "sentencizer":
        from spacy.lang.en import English

        sentencizer = English()
        sentencizer.add_pipe("sentencizer")
    else:
        sentencizer = spacy.load(pipe, exclude=["ner", "tagger"])
        sentencizer.max_length = max_length
    return sentencizer


def _split_text_with_regex(
    text: str, separator: str, keep_separator: bool
) -> list[str]:
    # Now that we have the separator, split the text
    if separator:
        if keep_separator:
            # The parentheses in the pattern keep the delimiters in the result.
            _splits = re.split(f"({separator})", text)
            splits = [
                _splits[i] + _splits[i + 1] for i in range(1, len(_splits), 2)
            ]
            if len(_splits) % 2 == 0:
                splits += _splits[-1:]
            splits = [_splits[0]] + splits
        else:
            splits = re.split(separator, text)
    else:
        splits = list(text)
    return [s for s in splits if s != ""]


class TextSplitter(BaseDocumentTransformer, ABC):
    """Interface for splitting text into chunks."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        chunk_size: int = 4000,
        chunk_overlap: int = 200,
        length_function: Callable[[str], int] = len,
        keep_separator: bool = False,
        add_start_index: bool = False,
        strip_whitespace: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new TextSplitter.

        Args:
            chunk_size: Maximum size of chunks to return
            chunk_overlap: Overlap in characters between chunks
            length_function: Function that measures the length of given chunks
            keep_separator: Whether to keep the separator in the chunks
            add_start_index: If `True`, includes chunk's start index in metadata
            strip_whitespace: If `True`, strips whitespace from the start and end of
                              every document
        """
        if chunk_overlap > chunk_size:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Got a larger chunk overlap ({chunk_overlap}) than chunk size "
                f"({chunk_size}), should be smaller."
            )
        self._chunk_size = chunk_size
        self._chunk_overlap = chunk_overlap
        self._length_function = length_function
        self._keep_separator = keep_separator
        self._add_start_index = add_start_index
        self._strip_whitespace = strip_whitespace

    @abstractmethod
    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split text into multiple components."""

    def create_documents(
        self, texts: list[str], metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None
    ) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Create documents from a list of texts."""
        _metadatas = metadatas or [{}] * len(texts)
        documents = []
        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
            index = 0
            previous_chunk_len = 0
            for chunk in self.split_text(text):
                metadata = copy.deepcopy(_metadatas[i])
                if self._add_start_index:
                    offset = index + previous_chunk_len - self._chunk_overlap
                    index = text.find(chunk, max(0, offset))
                    metadata["start_index"] = index
                    previous_chunk_len = len(chunk)
                new_doc = SplitterDocument(
                    page_content=chunk, metadata=metadata
                )
                documents.append(new_doc)
        return documents

    def split_documents(
        self, documents: Iterable[SplitterDocument]
    ) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Split documents."""
        texts, metadatas = [], []
        for doc in documents:
            texts.append(doc.page_content)
            metadatas.append(doc.metadata)
        return self.create_documents(texts, metadatas=metadatas)

    def _join_docs(self, docs: list[str], separator: str) -> Optional[str]:
        text = separator.join(docs)
        if self._strip_whitespace:
            text = text.strip()
        if text == "":
            return None
        else:
            return text

    def _merge_splits(
        self, splits: Iterable[str], separator: str
    ) -> list[str]:
        # We now want to combine these smaller pieces into medium size
        # chunks to send to the LLM.
        separator_len = self._length_function(separator)

        docs = []
        current_doc: list[str] = []
        total = 0
        for d in splits:
            _len = self._length_function(d)
            if (
                total + _len + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 0 else 0)
                > self._chunk_size
            ):
                if total > self._chunk_size:
                    logger.warning(
                        f"Created a chunk of size {total}, "
                        f"which is longer than the specified {self._chunk_size}"
                    )
                if len(current_doc) > 0:
                    doc = self._join_docs(current_doc, separator)
                    if doc is not None:
                        docs.append(doc)
                    # Keep on popping if:
                    # - we have a larger chunk than in the chunk overlap
                    # - or if we still have any chunks and the length is long
                    while total > self._chunk_overlap or (
                        total
                        + _len
                        + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 0 else 0)
                        > self._chunk_size
                        and total > 0
                    ):
                        total -= self._length_function(current_doc[0]) + (
                            separator_len if len(current_doc) > 1 else 0
                        )
                        current_doc = current_doc[1:]
            current_doc.append(d)
            total += _len + (separator_len if len(current_doc) > 1 else 0)
        doc = self._join_docs(current_doc, separator)
        if doc is not None:
            docs.append(doc)
        return docs

    @classmethod
    def from_huggingface_tokenizer(
        cls, tokenizer: Any, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> TextSplitter:
        """Text splitter that uses HuggingFace tokenizer to count length."""
        try:
            from transformers import PreTrainedTokenizerBase

            if not isinstance(tokenizer, PreTrainedTokenizerBase):
                raise ValueError(
                    "Tokenizer received was not an instance of PreTrainedTokenizerBase"
                )

            def _huggingface_tokenizer_length(text: str) -> int:
                return len(tokenizer.encode(text))

        except ImportError:
            raise ValueError(
                "Could not import transformers python package. "
                "Please install it with `pip install transformers`."
            )
        return cls(length_function=_huggingface_tokenizer_length, **kwargs)

    @classmethod
    def from_tiktoken_encoder(
        cls: Type[TS],
        encoding_name: str = "gpt2",
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(),
        disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> TS:
        """Text splitter that uses tiktoken encoder to count length."""
        try:
            import tiktoken
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                "Could not import tiktoken python package. "
                "This is needed in order to calculate max_tokens_for_prompt. "
                "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."
            )

        if model is not None:
            enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model)
        else:
            enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)

        def _tiktoken_encoder(text: str) -> int:
            return len(
                enc.encode(
                    text,
                    allowed_special=allowed_special,
                    disallowed_special=disallowed_special,
                )
            )

        if issubclass(cls, TokenTextSplitter):
            extra_kwargs = {
                "encoding_name": encoding_name,
                "model": model,
                "allowed_special": allowed_special,
                "disallowed_special": disallowed_special,
            }
            kwargs = {**kwargs, **extra_kwargs}

        return cls(length_function=_tiktoken_encoder, **kwargs)

    def transform_documents(
        self, documents: Sequence[SplitterDocument], **kwargs: Any
    ) -> Sequence[SplitterDocument]:
        """Transform sequence of documents by splitting them."""
        return self.split_documents(list(documents))


class CharacterTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text that looks at characters."""

    DEFAULT_SEPARATOR: str = "\n\n"

    def __init__(
        self,
        separator: str = DEFAULT_SEPARATOR,
        is_separator_regex: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._separator = separator
        self._is_separator_regex = is_separator_regex

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
        # First we naively split the large input into a bunch of smaller ones.
        separator = (
            self._separator
            if self._is_separator_regex
            else re.escape(self._separator)
        )
        splits = _split_text_with_regex(text, separator, self._keep_separator)
        _separator = "" if self._keep_separator else self._separator
        return self._merge_splits(splits, _separator)


class LineType(TypedDict):
    """Line type as typed dict."""

    metadata: dict[str, str]
    content: str


class HeaderType(TypedDict):
    """Header type as typed dict."""

    level: int
    name: str
    data: str


class MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter:
    """Splitting markdown files based on specified headers."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        headers_to_split_on: list[Tuple[str, str]],
        return_each_line: bool = False,
        strip_headers: bool = True,
    ):
        """Create a new MarkdownHeaderTextSplitter.

        Args:
            headers_to_split_on: Headers we want to track
            return_each_line: Return each line w/ associated headers
            strip_headers: Strip split headers from the content of the chunk
        """
        # Output line-by-line or aggregated into chunks w/ common headers
        self.return_each_line = return_each_line
        # Given the headers we want to split on,
        # (e.g., "#, ##, etc") order by length
        self.headers_to_split_on = sorted(
            headers_to_split_on, key=lambda split: len(split[0]), reverse=True
        )
        # Strip headers split headers from the content of the chunk
        self.strip_headers = strip_headers

    def aggregate_lines_to_chunks(
        self, lines: list[LineType]
    ) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Combine lines with common metadata into chunks
        Args:
            lines: Line of text / associated header metadata
        """
        aggregated_chunks: list[LineType] = []

        for line in lines:
            if (
                aggregated_chunks
                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] == line["metadata"]
            ):
                # If the last line in the aggregated list
                # has the same metadata as the current line,
                # append the current content to the last lines's content
                aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"] += "  \n" + line["content"]
            elif (
                aggregated_chunks
                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] != line["metadata"]
                # may be issues if other metadata is present
                and len(aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"])
                < len(line["metadata"])
                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"].split("\n")[-1][0] == "#"
                and not self.strip_headers
            ):
                # If the last line in the aggregated list
                # has different metadata as the current line,
                # and has shallower header level than the current line,
                # and the last line is a header,
                # and we are not stripping headers,
                # append the current content to the last line's content
                aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"] += "  \n" + line["content"]
                # and update the last line's metadata
                aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] = line["metadata"]
            else:
                # Otherwise, append the current line to the aggregated list
                aggregated_chunks.append(line)

        return [
            SplitterDocument(
                page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"]
            )
            for chunk in aggregated_chunks
        ]

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Split markdown file
        Args:
            text: Markdown file"""

        # Split the input text by newline character ("\n").
        lines = text.split("\n")
        # Final output
        lines_with_metadata: list[LineType] = []
        # Content and metadata of the chunk currently being processed
        current_content: list[str] = []
        current_metadata: dict[str, str] = {}
        # Keep track of the nested header structure
        # header_stack: list[dict[str, int | str]] = []
        header_stack: list[HeaderType] = []
        initial_metadata: dict[str, str] = {}

        in_code_block = False
        opening_fence = ""

        for line in lines:
            stripped_line = line.strip()

            if not in_code_block:
                # Exclude inline code spans
                if (
                    stripped_line.startswith("```")
                    and stripped_line.count("```") == 1
                ):
                    in_code_block = True
                    opening_fence = "```"
                elif stripped_line.startswith("~~~"):
                    in_code_block = True
                    opening_fence = "~~~"
            else:
                if stripped_line.startswith(opening_fence):
                    in_code_block = False
                    opening_fence = ""

            if in_code_block:
                current_content.append(stripped_line)
                continue

            # Check each line against each of the header types (e.g., #, ##)
            for sep, name in self.headers_to_split_on:
                # Check if line starts with a header that we intend to split on
                if stripped_line.startswith(sep) and (
                    # Header with no text OR header is followed by space
                    # Both are valid conditions that sep is being used a header
                    len(stripped_line) == len(sep)
                    or stripped_line[len(sep)] == " "
                ):
                    # Ensure we are tracking the header as metadata
                    if name is not None:
                        # Get the current header level
                        current_header_level = sep.count("#")

                        # Pop out headers of lower or same level from the stack
                        while (
                            header_stack
                            and header_stack[-1]["level"]
                            >= current_header_level
                        ):
                            # We have encountered a new header
                            # at the same or higher level
                            popped_header = header_stack.pop()
                            # Clear the metadata for the
                            # popped header in initial_metadata
                            if popped_header["name"] in initial_metadata:
                                initial_metadata.pop(popped_header["name"])

                        # Push the current header to the stack
                        header: HeaderType = {
                            "level": current_header_level,
                            "name": name,
                            "data": stripped_line[len(sep) :].strip(),
                        }
                        header_stack.append(header)
                        # Update initial_metadata with the current header
                        initial_metadata[name] = header["data"]

                    # Add the previous line to the lines_with_metadata
                    # only if current_content is not empty
                    if current_content:
                        lines_with_metadata.append(
                            {
                                "content": "\n".join(current_content),
                                "metadata": current_metadata.copy(),
                            }
                        )
                        current_content.clear()

                    if not self.strip_headers:
                        current_content.append(stripped_line)

                    break
            else:
                if stripped_line:
                    current_content.append(stripped_line)
                elif current_content:
                    lines_with_metadata.append(
                        {
                            "content": "\n".join(current_content),
                            "metadata": current_metadata.copy(),
                        }
                    )
                    current_content.clear()

            current_metadata = initial_metadata.copy()

        if current_content:
            lines_with_metadata.append(
                {
                    "content": "\n".join(current_content),
                    "metadata": current_metadata,
                }
            )

        # lines_with_metadata has each line with associated header metadata
        # aggregate these into chunks based on common metadata
        if not self.return_each_line:
            return self.aggregate_lines_to_chunks(lines_with_metadata)
        else:
            return [
                SplitterDocument(
                    page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"]
                )
                for chunk in lines_with_metadata
            ]


class ElementType(TypedDict):
    """Element type as typed dict."""

    url: str
    xpath: str
    content: str
    metadata: dict[str, str]


class HTMLHeaderTextSplitter:
    """
    Splitting HTML files based on specified headers.
    Requires lxml package.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        headers_to_split_on: list[Tuple[str, str]],
        return_each_element: bool = False,
    ):
        """Create a new HTMLHeaderTextSplitter.

        Args:
            headers_to_split_on: list of tuples of headers we want to track mapped to
                (arbitrary) keys for metadata. Allowed header values: h1, h2, h3, h4,
                h5, h6 e.g. [("h1", "Header 1"), ("h2", "Header 2)].
            return_each_element: Return each element w/ associated headers.
        """
        # Output element-by-element or aggregated into chunks w/ common headers
        self.return_each_element = return_each_element
        self.headers_to_split_on = sorted(headers_to_split_on)

    def aggregate_elements_to_chunks(
        self, elements: list[ElementType]
    ) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Combine elements with common metadata into chunks

        Args:
            elements: HTML element content with associated identifying info and metadata
        """
        aggregated_chunks: list[ElementType] = []

        for element in elements:
            if (
                aggregated_chunks
                and aggregated_chunks[-1]["metadata"] == element["metadata"]
            ):
                # If the last element in the aggregated list
                # has the same metadata as the current element,
                # append the current content to the last element's content
                aggregated_chunks[-1]["content"] += "  \n" + element["content"]
            else:
                # Otherwise, append the current element to the aggregated list
                aggregated_chunks.append(element)

        return [
            SplitterDocument(
                page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"]
            )
            for chunk in aggregated_chunks
        ]

    def split_text_from_url(self, url: str) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Split HTML from web URL

        Args:
            url: web URL
        """
        r = requests.get(url)
        return self.split_text_from_file(BytesIO(r.content))

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Split HTML text string

        Args:
            text: HTML text
        """
        return self.split_text_from_file(StringIO(text))

    def split_text_from_file(self, file: Any) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Split HTML file

        Args:
            file: HTML file
        """
        try:
            from lxml import etree
        except ImportError as e:
            raise ImportError(
                "Unable to import lxml, please install with `pip install lxml`."
            ) from e
        # use lxml library to parse html document and return xml ElementTree
        # Explicitly encoding in utf-8 allows non-English
        # html files to be processed without garbled characters
        parser = etree.HTMLParser(encoding="utf-8")
        tree = etree.parse(file, parser)

        # document transformation for "structure-aware" chunking is handled with xsl.
        # see comments in html_chunks_with_headers.xslt for more detailed information.
        xslt_path = (
            pathlib.Path(__file__).parent
            / "document_transformers/xsl/html_chunks_with_headers.xslt"
        )
        xslt_tree = etree.parse(xslt_path)
        transform = etree.XSLT(xslt_tree)
        result = transform(tree)
        result_dom = etree.fromstring(str(result))

        # create filter and mapping for header metadata
        header_filter = [header[0] for header in self.headers_to_split_on]
        header_mapping = dict(self.headers_to_split_on)

        # map xhtml namespace prefix
        ns_map = {"h": "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"}

        # build list of elements from DOM
        elements = []
        for element in result_dom.findall("*//*", ns_map):
            if element.findall("*[@class='headers']") or element.findall(
                "*[@class='chunk']"
            ):
                elements.append(
                    ElementType(
                        url=file,
                        xpath="".join(
                            [
                                node.text
                                for node in element.findall(
                                    "*[@class='xpath']", ns_map
                                )
                            ]
                        ),
                        content="".join(
                            [
                                node.text
                                for node in element.findall(
                                    "*[@class='chunk']", ns_map
                                )
                            ]
                        ),
                        metadata={
                            # Add text of specified headers to metadata using header
                            # mapping.
                            header_mapping[node.tag]: node.text
                            for node in filter(
                                lambda x: x.tag in header_filter,
                                element.findall(
                                    "*[@class='headers']/*", ns_map
                                ),
                            )
                        },
                    )
                )

        if not self.return_each_element:
            return self.aggregate_elements_to_chunks(elements)
        else:
            return [
                SplitterDocument(
                    page_content=chunk["content"], metadata=chunk["metadata"]
                )
                for chunk in elements
            ]


# should be in newer Python versions (3.11+)
# @dataclass(frozen=True, kw_only=True, slots=True)
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class Tokenizer:
    """Tokenizer data class."""

    chunk_overlap: int
    """Overlap in tokens between chunks"""
    tokens_per_chunk: int
    """Maximum number of tokens per chunk"""
    decode: Callable[[list[int]], str]
    """ Function to decode a list of token ids to a string"""
    encode: Callable[[str], list[int]]
    """ Function to encode a string to a list of token ids"""


def split_text_on_tokens(*, text: str, tokenizer: Tokenizer) -> list[str]:
    """Split incoming text and return chunks using tokenizer."""
    splits: list[str] = []
    input_ids = tokenizer.encode(text)
    start_idx = 0
    cur_idx = min(start_idx + tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk, len(input_ids))
    chunk_ids = input_ids[start_idx:cur_idx]
    while start_idx < len(input_ids):
        splits.append(tokenizer.decode(chunk_ids))
        if cur_idx == len(input_ids):
            break
        start_idx += tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk - tokenizer.chunk_overlap
        cur_idx = min(start_idx + tokenizer.tokens_per_chunk, len(input_ids))
        chunk_ids = input_ids[start_idx:cur_idx]
    return splits


class TokenTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text to tokens using model tokenizer."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        encoding_name: str = "gpt2",
        model: Optional[str] = None,
        allowed_special: Literal["all"] | AbstractSet[str] = set(),
        disallowed_special: Literal["all"] | Collection[str] = "all",
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        try:
            import tiktoken
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                "Could not import tiktoken python package. "
                "This is needed in order to for TokenTextSplitter. "
                "Please install it with `pip install tiktoken`."
            )

        if model is not None:
            enc = tiktoken.encoding_for_model(model)
        else:
            enc = tiktoken.get_encoding(encoding_name)
        self._tokenizer = enc
        self._allowed_special = allowed_special
        self._disallowed_special = disallowed_special

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        def _encode(_text: str) -> list[int]:
            return self._tokenizer.encode(
                _text,
                allowed_special=self._allowed_special,
                disallowed_special=self._disallowed_special,
            )

        tokenizer = Tokenizer(
            chunk_overlap=self._chunk_overlap,
            tokens_per_chunk=self._chunk_size,
            decode=self._tokenizer.decode,
            encode=_encode,
        )

        return split_text_on_tokens(text=text, tokenizer=tokenizer)


class SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text to tokens using sentence model tokenizer."""

    def __init__(
        self,
        chunk_overlap: int = 50,
        model: str = "sentence-transformers/all-mpnet-base-v2",
        tokens_per_chunk: Optional[int] = None,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs, chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap)

        try:
            from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                "Could not import sentence_transformer python package. "
                "This is needed in order to for SentenceTransformersTokenTextSplitter. "
                "Please install it with `pip install sentence-transformers`."
            )

        self.model = model
        self._model = SentenceTransformer(self.model, trust_remote_code=True)
        self.tokenizer = self._model.tokenizer
        self._initialize_chunk_configuration(tokens_per_chunk=tokens_per_chunk)

    def _initialize_chunk_configuration(
        self, *, tokens_per_chunk: Optional[int]
    ) -> None:
        self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk = cast(int, self._model.max_seq_length)

        if tokens_per_chunk is None:
            self.tokens_per_chunk = self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk
        else:
            self.tokens_per_chunk = tokens_per_chunk

        if self.tokens_per_chunk > self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk:
            raise ValueError(
                f"The token limit of the models '{self.model}'"
                f" is: {self.maximum_tokens_per_chunk}."
                f" Argument tokens_per_chunk={self.tokens_per_chunk}"
                f" > maximum token limit."
            )

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        def encode_strip_start_and_stop_token_ids(text: str) -> list[int]:
            return self._encode(text)[1:-1]

        tokenizer = Tokenizer(
            chunk_overlap=self._chunk_overlap,
            tokens_per_chunk=self.tokens_per_chunk,
            decode=self.tokenizer.decode,
            encode=encode_strip_start_and_stop_token_ids,
        )

        return split_text_on_tokens(text=text, tokenizer=tokenizer)

    def count_tokens(self, *, text: str) -> int:
        return len(self._encode(text))

    _max_length_equal_32_bit_integer: int = 2**32

    def _encode(self, text: str) -> list[int]:
        token_ids_with_start_and_end_token_ids = self.tokenizer.encode(
            text,
            max_length=self._max_length_equal_32_bit_integer,
            truncation="do_not_truncate",
        )
        return token_ids_with_start_and_end_token_ids


class Language(str, Enum):
    """Enum of the programming languages."""

    CPP = "cpp"
    GO = "go"
    JAVA = "java"
    KOTLIN = "kotlin"
    JS = "js"
    TS = "ts"
    PHP = "php"
    PROTO = "proto"
    PYTHON = "python"
    RST = "rst"
    RUBY = "ruby"
    RUST = "rust"
    SCALA = "scala"
    SWIFT = "swift"
    MARKDOWN = "markdown"
    LATEX = "latex"
    HTML = "html"
    SOL = "sol"
    CSHARP = "csharp"
    COBOL = "cobol"
    C = "c"
    LUA = "lua"
    PERL = "perl"


class RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text by recursively look at characters.

    Recursively tries to split by different characters to find one
    that works.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        separators: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        keep_separator: bool = True,
        is_separator_regex: bool = False,
        chunk_size: int = 4000,
        chunk_overlap: int = 200,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Create a new TextSplitter."""
        super().__init__(
            chunk_size=chunk_size,
            chunk_overlap=chunk_overlap,
            keep_separator=keep_separator,
            **kwargs,
        )
        self._separators = separators or ["\n\n", "\n", " ", ""]
        self._is_separator_regex = is_separator_regex
        self.chunk_size = chunk_size
        self.chunk_overlap = chunk_overlap

    def _split_text(self, text: str, separators: list[str]) -> list[str]:
        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
        final_chunks = []
        # Get appropriate separator to use
        separator = separators[-1]
        new_separators = []
        for i, _s in enumerate(separators):
            _separator = _s if self._is_separator_regex else re.escape(_s)
            if _s == "":
                separator = _s
                break
            if re.search(_separator, text):
                separator = _s
                new_separators = separators[i + 1 :]
                break

        _separator = (
            separator if self._is_separator_regex else re.escape(separator)
        )
        splits = _split_text_with_regex(text, _separator, self._keep_separator)

        # Now go merging things, recursively splitting longer texts.
        _good_splits = []
        _separator = "" if self._keep_separator else separator
        for s in splits:
            if self._length_function(s) < self._chunk_size:
                _good_splits.append(s)
            else:
                if _good_splits:
                    merged_text = self._merge_splits(_good_splits, _separator)
                    final_chunks.extend(merged_text)
                    _good_splits = []
                if not new_separators:
                    final_chunks.append(s)
                else:
                    other_info = self._split_text(s, new_separators)
                    final_chunks.extend(other_info)
        if _good_splits:
            merged_text = self._merge_splits(_good_splits, _separator)
            final_chunks.extend(merged_text)
        return final_chunks

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        return self._split_text(text, self._separators)

    @classmethod
    def from_language(
        cls, language: Language, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter:
        separators = cls.get_separators_for_language(language)
        return cls(separators=separators, is_separator_regex=True, **kwargs)

    @staticmethod
    def get_separators_for_language(language: Language) -> list[str]:
        if language == Language.CPP:
            return [
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nvoid ",
                "\nint ",
                "\nfloat ",
                "\ndouble ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.GO:
            return [
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfunc ",
                "\nvar ",
                "\nconst ",
                "\ntype ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.JAVA:
            return [
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along method definitions
                "\npublic ",
                "\nprotected ",
                "\nprivate ",
                "\nstatic ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.KOTLIN:
            return [
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along method definitions
                "\npublic ",
                "\nprotected ",
                "\nprivate ",
                "\ninternal ",
                "\ncompanion ",
                "\nfun ",
                "\nval ",
                "\nvar ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nwhen ",
                "\ncase ",
                "\nelse ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.JS:
            return [
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfunction ",
                "\nconst ",
                "\nlet ",
                "\nvar ",
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                "\ndefault ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.TS:
            return [
                "\nenum ",
                "\ninterface ",
                "\nnamespace ",
                "\ntype ",
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfunction ",
                "\nconst ",
                "\nlet ",
                "\nvar ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                "\ndefault ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.PHP:
            return [
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfunction ",
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nforeach ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\ndo ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.PROTO:
            return [
                # Split along message definitions
                "\nmessage ",
                # Split along service definitions
                "\nservice ",
                # Split along enum definitions
                "\nenum ",
                # Split along option definitions
                "\noption ",
                # Split along import statements
                "\nimport ",
                # Split along syntax declarations
                "\nsyntax ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.PYTHON:
            return [
                # First, try to split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                "\ndef ",
                "\n\tdef ",
                # Now split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.RST:
            return [
                # Split along section titles
                "\n=+\n",
                "\n-+\n",
                "\n\\*+\n",
                # Split along directive markers
                "\n\n.. *\n\n",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.RUBY:
            return [
                # Split along method definitions
                "\ndef ",
                "\nclass ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nunless ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\ndo ",
                "\nbegin ",
                "\nrescue ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.RUST:
            return [
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfn ",
                "\nconst ",
                "\nlet ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nloop ",
                "\nmatch ",
                "\nconst ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.SCALA:
            return [
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                "\nobject ",
                # Split along method definitions
                "\ndef ",
                "\nval ",
                "\nvar ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nmatch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.SWIFT:
            return [
                # Split along function definitions
                "\nfunc ",
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                "\nstruct ",
                "\nenum ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\ndo ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\ncase ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.MARKDOWN:
            return [
                # First, try to split along Markdown headings (starting with level 2)
                "\n#{1,6} ",
                # Note the alternative syntax for headings (below) is not handled here
                # Heading level 2
                # ---------------
                # End of code block
                "```\n",
                # Horizontal lines
                "\n\\*\\*\\*+\n",
                "\n---+\n",
                "\n___+\n",
                # Note that this splitter doesn't handle horizontal lines defined
                # by *three or more* of ***, ---, or ___, but this is not handled
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.LATEX:
            return [
                # First, try to split along Latex sections
                "\n\\\\chapter{",
                "\n\\\\section{",
                "\n\\\\subsection{",
                "\n\\\\subsubsection{",
                # Now split by environments
                "\n\\\\begin{enumerate}",
                "\n\\\\begin{itemize}",
                "\n\\\\begin{description}",
                "\n\\\\begin{list}",
                "\n\\\\begin{quote}",
                "\n\\\\begin{quotation}",
                "\n\\\\begin{verse}",
                "\n\\\\begin{verbatim}",
                # Now split by math environments
                "\n\\\begin{align}",
                "$$",
                "$",
                # Now split by the normal type of lines
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.HTML:
            return [
                # First, try to split along HTML tags
                "<body",
                "<div",
                "<p",
                "<br",
                "<li",
                "<h1",
                "<h2",
                "<h3",
                "<h4",
                "<h5",
                "<h6",
                "<span",
                "<table",
                "<tr",
                "<td",
                "<th",
                "<ul",
                "<ol",
                "<header",
                "<footer",
                "<nav",
                # Head
                "<head",
                "<style",
                "<script",
                "<meta",
                "<title",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.CSHARP:
            return [
                "\ninterface ",
                "\nenum ",
                "\nimplements ",
                "\ndelegate ",
                "\nevent ",
                # Split along class definitions
                "\nclass ",
                "\nabstract ",
                # Split along method definitions
                "\npublic ",
                "\nprotected ",
                "\nprivate ",
                "\nstatic ",
                "\nreturn ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\ncontinue ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nforeach ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\nswitch ",
                "\nbreak ",
                "\ncase ",
                "\nelse ",
                # Split by exceptions
                "\ntry ",
                "\nthrow ",
                "\nfinally ",
                "\ncatch ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.SOL:
            return [
                # Split along compiler information definitions
                "\npragma ",
                "\nusing ",
                # Split along contract definitions
                "\ncontract ",
                "\ninterface ",
                "\nlibrary ",
                # Split along method definitions
                "\nconstructor ",
                "\ntype ",
                "\nfunction ",
                "\nevent ",
                "\nmodifier ",
                "\nerror ",
                "\nstruct ",
                "\nenum ",
                # Split along control flow statements
                "\nif ",
                "\nfor ",
                "\nwhile ",
                "\ndo while ",
                "\nassembly ",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n\n",
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]
        elif language == Language.COBOL:
            return [
                # Split along divisions
                "\nIDENTIFICATION DIVISION.",
                "\nENVIRONMENT DIVISION.",
                "\nDATA DIVISION.",
                "\nPROCEDURE DIVISION.",
                # Split along sections within DATA DIVISION
                "\nWORKING-STORAGE SECTION.",
                "\nLINKAGE SECTION.",
                "\nFILE SECTION.",
                # Split along sections within PROCEDURE DIVISION
                "\nINPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.",
                # Split along paragraphs and common statements
                "\nOPEN ",
                "\nCLOSE ",
                "\nREAD ",
                "\nWRITE ",
                "\nIF ",
                "\nELSE ",
                "\nMOVE ",
                "\nPERFORM ",
                "\nUNTIL ",
                "\nVARYING ",
                "\nACCEPT ",
                "\nDISPLAY ",
                "\nSTOP RUN.",
                # Split by the normal type of lines
                "\n",
                " ",
                "",
            ]

        else:
            raise ValueError(
                f"Language {language} is not supported! "
                f"Please choose from {list(Language)}"
            )


class NLTKTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text using NLTK package."""

    def __init__(
        self, separator: str = "\n\n", language: str = "english", **kwargs: Any
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize the NLTK splitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        try:
            from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize

            self._tokenizer = sent_tokenize
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                "NLTK is not installed, please install it with `pip install nltk`."
            )
        self._separator = separator
        self._language = language

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
        # First we naively split the large input into a bunch of smaller ones.
        splits = self._tokenizer(text, language=self._language)
        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)


class SpacyTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text using Spacy package.


    Per default, Spacy's `en_core_web_sm` model is used and
    its default max_length is 1000000 (it is the length of maximum character
    this model takes which can be increased for large files). For a faster, but
    potentially less accurate splitting, you can use `pipe='sentencizer'`.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        separator: str = "\n\n",
        pipe: str = "en_core_web_sm",
        max_length: int = 1_000_000,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize the spacy text splitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._tokenizer = _make_spacy_pipe_for_splitting(
            pipe, max_length=max_length
        )
        self._separator = separator

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
        splits = (s.text for s in self._tokenizer(text).sents)
        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)


class KonlpyTextSplitter(TextSplitter):
    """Splitting text using Konlpy package.

    It is good for splitting Korean text.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        separator: str = "\n\n",
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """Initialize the Konlpy text splitter."""
        super().__init__(**kwargs)
        self._separator = separator
        try:
            from konlpy.tag import Kkma
        except ImportError:
            raise ImportError(
                """
                Konlpy is not installed, please install it with
                `pip install konlpy`
                """
            )
        self.kkma = Kkma()

    def split_text(self, text: str) -> list[str]:
        """Split incoming text and return chunks."""
        splits = self.kkma.sentences(text)
        return self._merge_splits(splits, self._separator)


# For backwards compatibility
class PythonCodeTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
    """Attempts to split the text along Python syntax."""

    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """Initialize a PythonCodeTextSplitter."""
        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.PYTHON)
        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)


class MarkdownTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
    """Attempts to split the text along Markdown-formatted headings."""

    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """Initialize a MarkdownTextSplitter."""
        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.MARKDOWN)
        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)


class LatexTextSplitter(RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter):
    """Attempts to split the text along Latex-formatted layout elements."""

    def __init__(self, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """Initialize a LatexTextSplitter."""
        separators = self.get_separators_for_language(Language.LATEX)
        super().__init__(separators=separators, **kwargs)


class RecursiveJsonSplitter:
    def __init__(
        self, max_chunk_size: int = 2000, min_chunk_size: Optional[int] = None
    ):
        super().__init__()
        self.max_chunk_size = max_chunk_size
        self.min_chunk_size = (
            min_chunk_size
            if min_chunk_size is not None
            else max(max_chunk_size - 200, 50)
        )

    @staticmethod
    def _json_size(data: dict) -> int:
        """Calculate the size of the serialized JSON object."""
        return len(json.dumps(data))

    @staticmethod
    def _set_nested_dict(d: dict, path: list[str], value: Any) -> None:
        """Set a value in a nested dictionary based on the given path."""
        for key in path[:-1]:
            d = d.setdefault(key, {})
        d[path[-1]] = value

    def _list_to_dict_preprocessing(self, data: Any) -> Any:
        if isinstance(data, dict):
            # Process each key-value pair in the dictionary
            return {
                k: self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(v) for k, v in data.items()
            }
        elif isinstance(data, list):
            # Convert the list to a dictionary with index-based keys
            return {
                str(i): self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(item)
                for i, item in enumerate(data)
            }
        else:
            # Base case: the item is neither a dict nor a list, so return it unchanged
            return data

    def _json_split(
        self,
        data: dict[str, Any],
        current_path: list[str] = [],
        chunks: list[dict] = [{}],
    ) -> list[dict]:
        """
        Split json into maximum size dictionaries while preserving structure.
        """
        if isinstance(data, dict):
            for key, value in data.items():
                new_path = current_path + [key]
                chunk_size = self._json_size(chunks[-1])
                size = self._json_size({key: value})
                remaining = self.max_chunk_size - chunk_size

                if size < remaining:
                    # Add item to current chunk
                    self._set_nested_dict(chunks[-1], new_path, value)
                else:
                    if chunk_size >= self.min_chunk_size:
                        # Chunk is big enough, start a new chunk
                        chunks.append({})

                    # Iterate
                    self._json_split(value, new_path, chunks)
        else:
            # handle single item
            self._set_nested_dict(chunks[-1], current_path, data)
        return chunks

    def split_json(
        self,
        json_data: dict[str, Any],
        convert_lists: bool = False,
    ) -> list[dict]:
        """Splits JSON into a list of JSON chunks"""

        if convert_lists:
            chunks = self._json_split(
                self._list_to_dict_preprocessing(json_data)
            )
        else:
            chunks = self._json_split(json_data)

        # Remove the last chunk if it's empty
        if not chunks[-1]:
            chunks.pop()
        return chunks

    def split_text(
        self, json_data: dict[str, Any], convert_lists: bool = False
    ) -> list[str]:
        """Splits JSON into a list of JSON formatted strings"""

        chunks = self.split_json(
            json_data=json_data, convert_lists=convert_lists
        )

        # Convert to string
        return [json.dumps(chunk) for chunk in chunks]

    def create_documents(
        self,
        texts: list[dict],
        convert_lists: bool = False,
        metadatas: Optional[list[dict]] = None,
    ) -> list[SplitterDocument]:
        """Create documents from a list of json objects (dict)."""
        _metadatas = metadatas or [{}] * len(texts)
        documents = []
        for i, text in enumerate(texts):
            for chunk in self.split_text(
                json_data=text, convert_lists=convert_lists
            ):
                metadata = copy.deepcopy(_metadatas[i])
                new_doc = SplitterDocument(
                    page_content=chunk, metadata=metadata
                )
                documents.append(new_doc)
        return documents