r2r/core/database/graphs.py

import asyncio
import datetime
import json
import logging
import os
import time
from enum import Enum
from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, Optional, Tuple, Union
from uuid import UUID

import asyncpg
import httpx
from asyncpg.exceptions import UndefinedTableError, UniqueViolationError
from fastapi import HTTPException

from core.base.abstractions import (
    Community,
    Entity,
    Graph,
    KGCreationSettings,
    KGEnrichmentSettings,
    KGEnrichmentStatus,
    KGEntityDeduplicationSettings,
    KGExtractionStatus,
    R2RException,
    Relationship,
    VectorQuantizationType,
)
from core.base.api.models import GraphResponse
from core.base.providers.database import Handler
from core.base.utils import (
    _decorate_vector_type,
    _get_str_estimation_output,
    llm_cost_per_million_tokens,
)

from .base import PostgresConnectionManager
from .collections import PostgresCollectionsHandler


class StoreType(str, Enum):
    GRAPHS = "graphs"
    DOCUMENTS = "documents"


logger = logging.getLogger()


class PostgresEntitiesHandler(Handler):
    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        self.project_name: str = kwargs.get("project_name")  # type: ignore
        self.connection_manager: PostgresConnectionManager = kwargs.get("connection_manager")  # type: ignore
        self.dimension: int = kwargs.get("dimension")  # type: ignore
        self.quantization_type: VectorQuantizationType = kwargs.get("quantization_type")  # type: ignore

    def _get_table_name(self, table: str) -> str:
        """Get the fully qualified table name."""
        return f'"{self.project_name}"."{table}"'

    def _get_entity_table_for_store(self, store_type: StoreType) -> str:
        """Get the appropriate table name for the store type."""
        if isinstance(store_type, StoreType):
            store_type = store_type.value
        return f"{store_type}_entities"

    def _get_parent_constraint(self, store_type: StoreType) -> str:
        """Get the appropriate foreign key constraint for the store type."""
        if store_type == StoreType.GRAPHS:
            return f"""
                CONSTRAINT fk_graph
                    FOREIGN KEY(parent_id)
                    REFERENCES {self._get_table_name("graphs")}(id)
                    ON DELETE CASCADE
            """
        else:
            return f"""
                CONSTRAINT fk_document
                    FOREIGN KEY(parent_id)
                    REFERENCES {self._get_table_name("documents")}(id)
                    ON DELETE CASCADE
            """

    async def create_tables(self) -> None:
        """Create separate tables for graph and document entities."""
        vector_column_str = _decorate_vector_type(
            f"({self.dimension})", self.quantization_type
        )

        for store_type in StoreType:
            table_name = self._get_entity_table_for_store(store_type)
            parent_constraint = self._get_parent_constraint(store_type)

            QUERY = f"""
                CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (
                    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
                    name TEXT NOT NULL,
                    category TEXT,
                    description TEXT,
                    parent_id UUID NOT NULL,
                    description_embedding {vector_column_str},
                    chunk_ids UUID[],
                    metadata JSONB,
                    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
                    updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
                    {parent_constraint}
                );
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_name_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (name);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_parent_id_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (parent_id);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_category_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (category);
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(QUERY)

    async def create(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        name: str,
        category: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        description_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str] = None,
        chunk_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any] | str] = None,
    ) -> Entity:
        """Create a new entity in the specified store."""
        table_name = self._get_entity_table_for_store(store_type)

        if isinstance(metadata, str):
            try:
                metadata = json.loads(metadata)
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass

        if isinstance(description_embedding, list):
            description_embedding = str(description_embedding)

        query = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            (name, category, description, parent_id, description_embedding, chunk_ids, metadata)
            VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)
            RETURNING id, name, category, description, parent_id, chunk_ids, metadata
        """

        params = [
            name,
            category,
            description,
            parent_id,
            description_embedding,
            chunk_ids,
            json.dumps(metadata) if metadata else None,
        ]

        result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
            query=query,
            params=params,
        )

        return Entity(
            id=result["id"],
            name=result["name"],
            category=result["category"],
            description=result["description"],
            parent_id=result["parent_id"],
            chunk_ids=result["chunk_ids"],
            metadata=result["metadata"],
        )

    async def get(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        entity_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        entity_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        include_embeddings: bool = False,
    ):
        """Retrieve entities from the specified store."""
        table_name = self._get_entity_table_for_store(store_type)

        conditions = ["parent_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if entity_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(entity_ids)
            param_index += 1

        if entity_names:
            conditions.append(f"name = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(entity_names)
            param_index += 1

        select_fields = """
            id, name, category, description, parent_id,
            chunk_ids, metadata
        """
        if include_embeddings:
            select_fields += ", description_embedding"

        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """

        count_params = params[: param_index - 1]
        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                COUNT_QUERY, count_params
            )
        )[0]["count"]

        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        entities = []
        for row in rows:
            # Convert the Record to a dictionary
            entity_dict = dict(row)

            # Process metadata if it exists and is a string
            if isinstance(entity_dict["metadata"], str):
                try:
                    entity_dict["metadata"] = json.loads(
                        entity_dict["metadata"]
                    )
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    pass

            entities.append(Entity(**entity_dict))

        return entities, count

    async def update(
        self,
        entity_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        description_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str] = None,
        category: Optional[str] = None,
        metadata: Optional[dict] = None,
    ) -> Entity:
        """Update an entity in the specified store."""
        table_name = self._get_entity_table_for_store(store_type)
        update_fields = []
        params: list[Any] = []
        param_index = 1

        if isinstance(metadata, str):
            try:
                metadata = json.loads(metadata)
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass

        if name is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"name = ${param_index}")
            params.append(name)
            param_index += 1

        if description is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description = ${param_index}")
            params.append(description)
            param_index += 1

        if description_embedding is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description_embedding = ${param_index}")
            params.append(description_embedding)
            param_index += 1

        if category is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"category = ${param_index}")
            params.append(category)
            param_index += 1

        if metadata is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"metadata = ${param_index}")
            params.append(json.dumps(metadata))
            param_index += 1

        if not update_fields:
            raise R2RException(status_code=400, message="No fields to update")

        update_fields.append("updated_at = NOW()")
        params.append(entity_id)

        query = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            SET {', '.join(update_fields)}
            WHERE id = ${param_index}\
            RETURNING id, name, category, description, parent_id, chunk_ids, metadata
        """
        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query=query,
                params=params,
            )

            return Entity(
                id=result["id"],
                name=result["name"],
                category=result["category"],
                description=result["description"],
                parent_id=result["parent_id"],
                chunk_ids=result["chunk_ids"],
                metadata=result["metadata"],
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while updating the entity: {e}",
            )

    async def delete(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        entity_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        store_type: StoreType = StoreType.GRAPHS,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Delete entities from the specified store.
        If entity_ids is not provided, deletes all entities for the given parent_id.

        Args:
            parent_id (UUID): Parent ID (collection_id or document_id)
            entity_ids (Optional[list[UUID]]): Specific entity IDs to delete. If None, deletes all entities for parent_id
            store_type (StoreType): Type of store (graph or document)

        Returns:
            list[UUID]: List of deleted entity IDs

        Raises:
            R2RException: If specific entities were requested but not all found
        """
        table_name = self._get_entity_table_for_store(store_type)

        if entity_ids is None:
            # Delete all entities for the parent_id
            QUERY = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
                RETURNING id
            """
            results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                QUERY, [parent_id]
            )
        else:
            # Delete specific entities
            QUERY = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
                WHERE id = ANY($1) AND parent_id = $2
                RETURNING id
            """

            results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                QUERY, [entity_ids, parent_id]
            )

            # Check if all requested entities were deleted
            deleted_ids = [row["id"] for row in results]
            if entity_ids and len(deleted_ids) != len(entity_ids):
                raise R2RException(
                    f"Some entities not found in {store_type} store or no permission to delete",
                    404,
                )


class PostgresRelationshipsHandler(Handler):
    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        self.project_name: str = kwargs.get("project_name")  # type: ignore
        self.connection_manager: PostgresConnectionManager = kwargs.get("connection_manager")  # type: ignore
        self.dimension: int = kwargs.get("dimension")  # type: ignore
        self.quantization_type: VectorQuantizationType = kwargs.get("quantization_type")  # type: ignore

    def _get_table_name(self, table: str) -> str:
        """Get the fully qualified table name."""
        return f'"{self.project_name}"."{table}"'

    def _get_relationship_table_for_store(self, store_type: StoreType) -> str:
        """Get the appropriate table name for the store type."""
        if isinstance(store_type, StoreType):
            store_type = store_type.value
        return f"{store_type}_relationships"

    def _get_parent_constraint(self, store_type: StoreType) -> str:
        """Get the appropriate foreign key constraint for the store type."""
        if store_type == StoreType.GRAPHS:
            return f"""
                CONSTRAINT fk_graph
                    FOREIGN KEY(parent_id)
                    REFERENCES {self._get_table_name("graphs")}(id)
                    ON DELETE CASCADE
            """
        else:
            return f"""
                CONSTRAINT fk_document
                    FOREIGN KEY(parent_id)
                    REFERENCES {self._get_table_name("documents")}(id)
                    ON DELETE CASCADE
            """

    async def create_tables(self) -> None:
        """Create separate tables for graph and document relationships."""
        for store_type in StoreType:
            table_name = self._get_relationship_table_for_store(store_type)
            parent_constraint = self._get_parent_constraint(store_type)
            vector_column_str = _decorate_vector_type(
                f"({self.dimension})", self.quantization_type
            )
            QUERY = f"""
                CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (
                    id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
                    subject TEXT NOT NULL,
                    predicate TEXT NOT NULL,
                    object TEXT NOT NULL,
                    description TEXT,
                    description_embedding {vector_column_str},
                    subject_id UUID,
                    object_id UUID,
                    weight FLOAT DEFAULT 1.0,
                    chunk_ids UUID[],
                    parent_id UUID NOT NULL,
                    metadata JSONB,
                    created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
                    updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
                    {parent_constraint}
                );

                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_subject_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (subject);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_object_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (object);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_predicate_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (predicate);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_parent_id_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (parent_id);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_subject_id_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (subject_id);
                CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS {table_name}_object_id_idx
                    ON {self._get_table_name(table_name)} (object_id);
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(QUERY)

    async def create(
        self,
        subject: str,
        subject_id: UUID,
        predicate: str,
        object: str,
        object_id: UUID,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        description: str | None = None,
        weight: float | None = 1.0,
        chunk_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        description_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str] = None,
        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any] | str] = None,
    ) -> Relationship:
        """Create a new relationship in the specified store."""
        table_name = self._get_relationship_table_for_store(store_type)

        if isinstance(metadata, str):
            try:
                metadata = json.loads(metadata)
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass

        if isinstance(description_embedding, list):
            description_embedding = str(description_embedding)

        query = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            (subject, predicate, object, description, subject_id, object_id,
             weight, chunk_ids, parent_id, description_embedding, metadata)
            VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7, $8, $9, $10, $11)
            RETURNING id, subject, predicate, object, description, subject_id, object_id, weight, chunk_ids, parent_id, metadata
        """

        params = [
            subject,
            predicate,
            object,
            description,
            subject_id,
            object_id,
            weight,
            chunk_ids,
            parent_id,
            description_embedding,
            json.dumps(metadata) if metadata else None,
        ]

        result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
            query=query,
            params=params,
        )

        return Relationship(
            id=result["id"],
            subject=result["subject"],
            predicate=result["predicate"],
            object=result["object"],
            description=result["description"],
            subject_id=result["subject_id"],
            object_id=result["object_id"],
            weight=result["weight"],
            chunk_ids=result["chunk_ids"],
            parent_id=result["parent_id"],
            metadata=result["metadata"],
        )

    async def get(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        relationship_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        entity_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        relationship_types: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        include_metadata: bool = False,
    ):
        """
        Get relationships from the specified store.

        Args:
            parent_id: UUID of the parent (collection_id or document_id)
            store_type: Type of store (graph or document)
            offset: Number of records to skip
            limit: Maximum number of records to return (-1 for no limit)
            relationship_ids: Optional list of specific relationship IDs to retrieve
            entity_names: Optional list of entity names to filter by (matches subject or object)
            relationship_types: Optional list of relationship types (predicates) to filter by
            include_metadata: Whether to include metadata in the response

        Returns:
            Tuple of (list of relationships, total count)
        """
        table_name = self._get_relationship_table_for_store(store_type)

        conditions = ["parent_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if relationship_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(relationship_ids)
            param_index += 1

        if entity_names:
            conditions.append(
                f"(subject = ANY(${param_index}) OR object = ANY(${param_index}))"
            )
            params.append(entity_names)
            param_index += 1

        if relationship_types:
            conditions.append(f"predicate = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(relationship_types)
            param_index += 1

        select_fields = """
            id, subject, predicate, object, description,
            subject_id, object_id, weight, chunk_ids,
            parent_id
        """
        if include_metadata:
            select_fields += ", metadata"

        # Count query
        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """
        count_params = params[: param_index - 1]
        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                COUNT_QUERY, count_params
            )
        )[0]["count"]

        # Main query
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        relationships = []
        for row in rows:
            relationship_dict = dict(row)
            if include_metadata and isinstance(
                relationship_dict["metadata"], str
            ):
                try:
                    relationship_dict["metadata"] = json.loads(
                        relationship_dict["metadata"]
                    )
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    pass
            elif not include_metadata:
                relationship_dict.pop("metadata", None)
            relationships.append(Relationship(**relationship_dict))

        return relationships, count

    async def update(
        self,
        relationship_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        subject: Optional[str],
        subject_id: Optional[UUID],
        predicate: Optional[str],
        object: Optional[str],
        object_id: Optional[UUID],
        description: Optional[str],
        description_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str],
        weight: Optional[float],
        metadata: Optional[dict[str, Any] | str],
    ) -> Relationship:
        """Update multiple relationships in the specified store."""
        table_name = self._get_relationship_table_for_store(store_type)
        update_fields = []
        params: list = []
        param_index = 1

        if isinstance(metadata, str):
            try:
                metadata = json.loads(metadata)
            except json.JSONDecodeError:
                pass

        if subject is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"subject = ${param_index}")
            params.append(subject)
            param_index += 1

        if subject_id is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"subject_id = ${param_index}")
            params.append(subject_id)
            param_index += 1

        if predicate is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"predicate = ${param_index}")
            params.append(predicate)
            param_index += 1

        if object is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"object = ${param_index}")
            params.append(object)
            param_index += 1

        if object_id is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"object_id = ${param_index}")
            params.append(object_id)
            param_index += 1

        if description is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description = ${param_index}")
            params.append(description)
            param_index += 1

        if description_embedding is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description_embedding = ${param_index}")
            params.append(description_embedding)
            param_index += 1

        if weight is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"weight = ${param_index}")
            params.append(weight)
            param_index += 1

        if not update_fields:
            raise R2RException(status_code=400, message="No fields to update")

        update_fields.append("updated_at = NOW()")
        params.append(relationship_id)

        query = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            SET {', '.join(update_fields)}
            WHERE id = ${param_index}
            RETURNING id, subject, predicate, object, description, subject_id, object_id, weight, chunk_ids, parent_id, metadata
        """

        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query=query,
                params=params,
            )

            return Relationship(
                id=result["id"],
                subject=result["subject"],
                predicate=result["predicate"],
                object=result["object"],
                description=result["description"],
                subject_id=result["subject_id"],
                object_id=result["object_id"],
                weight=result["weight"],
                chunk_ids=result["chunk_ids"],
                parent_id=result["parent_id"],
                metadata=result["metadata"],
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while updating the relationship: {e}",
            )

    async def delete(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        relationship_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        store_type: StoreType = StoreType.GRAPHS,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Delete relationships from the specified store.
        If relationship_ids is not provided, deletes all relationships for the given parent_id.

        Args:
            parent_id: UUID of the parent (collection_id or document_id)
            relationship_ids: Optional list of specific relationship IDs to delete
            store_type: Type of store (graph or document)

        Returns:
            List of deleted relationship IDs

        Raises:
            R2RException: If specific relationships were requested but not all found
        """
        table_name = self._get_relationship_table_for_store(store_type)

        if relationship_ids is None:
            QUERY = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
                RETURNING id
            """
            results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                QUERY, [parent_id]
            )
        else:
            QUERY = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
                WHERE id = ANY($1) AND parent_id = $2
                RETURNING id
            """
            results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                QUERY, [relationship_ids, parent_id]
            )

            deleted_ids = [row["id"] for row in results]
            if relationship_ids and len(deleted_ids) != len(relationship_ids):
                raise R2RException(
                    f"Some relationships not found in {store_type} store or no permission to delete",
                    404,
                )


class PostgresCommunitiesHandler(Handler):

    def __init__(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        self.project_name: str = kwargs.get("project_name")  # type: ignore
        self.connection_manager: PostgresConnectionManager = kwargs.get("connection_manager")  # type: ignore
        self.dimension: int = kwargs.get("dimension")  # type: ignore
        self.quantization_type: VectorQuantizationType = kwargs.get("quantization_type")  # type: ignore

    async def create_tables(self) -> None:

        vector_column_str = _decorate_vector_type(
            f"({self.dimension})", self.quantization_type
        )

        query = f"""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")} (
            id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
            collection_id UUID,
            community_id UUID,
            level INT,
            name TEXT NOT NULL,
            summary TEXT NOT NULL,
            findings TEXT[],
            rating FLOAT,
            rating_explanation TEXT,
            description_embedding {vector_column_str} NOT NULL,
            created_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
            updated_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
            metadata JSONB,
            UNIQUE (community_id, level, collection_id)
        );"""

        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(query)

    async def create(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        name: str,
        summary: str,
        findings: Optional[list[str]],
        rating: Optional[float],
        rating_explanation: Optional[str],
        description_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str] = None,
    ) -> Community:
        # Do we ever want to get communities from document store?
        table_name = "graphs_communities"

        if isinstance(description_embedding, list):
            description_embedding = str(description_embedding)

        query = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            (collection_id, name, summary, findings, rating, rating_explanation, description_embedding)
            VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5, $6, $7)
            RETURNING id, collection_id, name, summary, findings, rating, rating_explanation, created_at, updated_at
        """

        params = [
            parent_id,
            name,
            summary,
            findings,
            rating,
            rating_explanation,
            description_embedding,
        ]

        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query=query,
                params=params,
            )

            return Community(
                id=result["id"],
                collection_id=result["collection_id"],
                name=result["name"],
                summary=result["summary"],
                findings=result["findings"],
                rating=result["rating"],
                rating_explanation=result["rating_explanation"],
                created_at=result["created_at"],
                updated_at=result["updated_at"],
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while creating the community: {e}",
            )

    async def update(
        self,
        community_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        summary: Optional[str] = None,
        summary_embedding: Optional[list[float] | str] = None,
        findings: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        rating: Optional[float] = None,
        rating_explanation: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> Community:
        table_name = "graphs_communities"
        update_fields = []
        params: list[Any] = []
        param_index = 1

        if name is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"name = ${param_index}")
            params.append(name)
            param_index += 1

        if summary is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"summary = ${param_index}")
            params.append(summary)
            param_index += 1

        if summary_embedding is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description_embedding = ${param_index}")
            params.append(summary_embedding)
            param_index += 1

        if findings is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"findings = ${param_index}")
            params.append(findings)
            param_index += 1

        if rating is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"rating = ${param_index}")
            params.append(rating)
            param_index += 1

        if rating_explanation is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"rating_explanation = ${param_index}")
            params.append(rating_explanation)
            param_index += 1

        if not update_fields:
            raise R2RException(status_code=400, message="No fields to update")

        update_fields.append("updated_at = NOW()")
        params.append(community_id)

        query = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            SET {", ".join(update_fields)}
            WHERE id = ${param_index}\
            RETURNING id, community_id, name, summary, findings, rating, rating_explanation, created_at, updated_at
        """
        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query, params
            )

            return Community(
                id=result["id"],
                community_id=result["community_id"],
                name=result["name"],
                summary=result["summary"],
                findings=result["findings"],
                rating=result["rating"],
                rating_explanation=result["rating_explanation"],
                created_at=result["created_at"],
                updated_at=result["updated_at"],
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while updating the community: {e}",
            )

    async def delete(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        community_id: UUID,
    ) -> None:
        table_name = "graphs_communities"

        query = f"""
            DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE id = $1 AND collection_id = $2
        """

        params = [community_id, parent_id]

        try:
            results = await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                query, params
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while deleting the community: {e}",
            )

        params = [
            community_id,
            parent_id,
        ]

        try:
            results = await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                query, params
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while deleting the community: {e}",
            )

    async def get(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        store_type: StoreType,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        community_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        community_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        include_embeddings: bool = False,
    ):
        """Retrieve communities from the specified store."""
        # Do we ever want to get communities from document store?
        table_name = "graphs_communities"

        conditions = ["collection_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if community_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(community_ids)
            param_index += 1

        if community_names:
            conditions.append(f"name = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(community_names)
            param_index += 1

        select_fields = """
            id, community_id, name, summary, findings, rating,
            rating_explanation, level, created_at, updated_at
        """
        if include_embeddings:
            select_fields += ", description_embedding"

        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """

        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                COUNT_QUERY, params[: param_index - 1]
            )
        )[0]["count"]

        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        communities = []
        for row in rows:
            community_dict = dict(row)

            communities.append(Community(**community_dict))

        return communities, count


class PostgresGraphsHandler(Handler):
    """Handler for Knowledge Graph METHODS in PostgreSQL."""

    TABLE_NAME = "graphs"

    def __init__(
        self,
        *args: Any,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:

        self.project_name: str = kwargs.get("project_name")  # type: ignore
        self.connection_manager: PostgresConnectionManager = kwargs.get("connection_manager")  # type: ignore
        self.dimension: int = kwargs.get("dimension")  # type: ignore
        self.quantization_type: VectorQuantizationType = kwargs.get("quantization_type")  # type: ignore
        self.collections_handler: PostgresCollectionsHandler = kwargs.get("collections_handler")  # type: ignore

        self.entities = PostgresEntitiesHandler(*args, **kwargs)
        self.relationships = PostgresRelationshipsHandler(*args, **kwargs)
        self.communities = PostgresCommunitiesHandler(*args, **kwargs)

        self.handlers = [
            self.entities,
            self.relationships,
            self.communities,
        ]

        import networkx as nx

        self.nx = nx

    async def create_tables(self) -> None:
        """Create the graph tables with mandatory collection_id support."""
        QUERY = f"""
            CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)} (
                id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT uuid_generate_v4(),
                collection_id UUID NOT NULL,
                name TEXT NOT NULL,
                description TEXT,
                status TEXT NOT NULL,
                document_ids UUID[],
                metadata JSONB,
                created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
                updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
            );

            CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS graph_collection_id_idx
                ON {self._get_table_name("graphs")} (collection_id);
        """

        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(QUERY)

        for handler in self.handlers:
            await handler.create_tables()

    async def create(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
        status: str = "pending",
    ) -> GraphResponse:
        """Create a new graph associated with a collection."""

        name = name or f"Graph {collection_id}"
        description = description or ""

        query = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
            (id, collection_id, name, description, status)
            VALUES ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5)
            RETURNING id, collection_id, name, description, status, created_at, updated_at, document_ids
        """
        params = [
            collection_id,
            collection_id,
            name,
            description,
            status,
        ]

        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query=query,
                params=params,
            )

            return GraphResponse(
                id=result["id"],
                collection_id=result["collection_id"],
                name=result["name"],
                description=result["description"],
                status=result["status"],
                created_at=result["created_at"],
                updated_at=result["updated_at"],
                document_ids=result["document_ids"] or [],
            )
        except UniqueViolationError:
            raise R2RException(
                message="Graph with this ID already exists",
                status_code=409,
            )

    async def reset(self, parent_id: UUID) -> None:
        """
        Completely reset a graph and all associated data.
        """
        try:
            entity_delete_query = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_entities")}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                entity_delete_query, [parent_id]
            )

            # Delete all graph relationships
            relationship_delete_query = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_relationships")}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                relationship_delete_query, [parent_id]
            )

            # Delete all graph relationships
            community_delete_query = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")}
                WHERE collection_id = $1
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                community_delete_query, [parent_id]
            )

            # Delete all graph communities and community info
            query = f"""
                DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")}
                WHERE collection_id = $1
            """

            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(query, [parent_id])

        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error deleting graph {parent_id}: {str(e)}")
            raise R2RException(f"Failed to delete graph: {str(e)}", 500)

    async def list_graphs(
        self,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        # filter_user_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        filter_graph_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        filter_collection_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
    ) -> dict[str, list[GraphResponse] | int]:
        conditions = []
        params: list[Any] = []
        param_index = 1

        if filter_graph_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(filter_graph_ids)
            param_index += 1

        # if filter_user_ids:
        #     conditions.append(f"user_id = ANY(${param_index})")
        #     params.append(filter_user_ids)
        #     param_index += 1

        if filter_collection_id:
            conditions.append(f"collection_id = ${param_index}")
            params.append(filter_collection_id)
            param_index += 1

        where_clause = (
            f"WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}" if conditions else ""
        )

        query = f"""
            WITH RankedGraphs AS (
                SELECT
                    id, collection_id, name, description, status, created_at, updated_at, document_ids,
                    COUNT(*) OVER() as total_entries,
                    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY collection_id ORDER BY created_at DESC) as rn
                FROM {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
                {where_clause}
            )
            SELECT * FROM RankedGraphs
            WHERE rn = 1
            ORDER BY created_at DESC
            OFFSET ${param_index} LIMIT ${param_index + 1}
        """

        params.extend([offset, limit])

        try:
            results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(query, params)
            if not results:
                return {"results": [], "total_entries": 0}

            total_entries = results[0]["total_entries"] if results else 0

            graphs = [
                GraphResponse(
                    id=row["id"],
                    document_ids=row["document_ids"] or [],
                    name=row["name"],
                    collection_id=row["collection_id"],
                    description=row["description"],
                    status=row["status"],
                    created_at=row["created_at"],
                    updated_at=row["updated_at"],
                )
                for row in results
            ]

            return {"results": graphs, "total_entries": total_entries}
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while fetching graphs: {e}",
            )

    async def get(
        self, offset: int, limit: int, graph_id: Optional[UUID] = None
    ):

        if graph_id is None:

            params = [offset, limit]

            QUERY = f"""
                SELECT * FROM {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
                OFFSET $1 LIMIT $2
            """

            ret = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

            COUNT_QUERY = f"""
                SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
            """
            count = (await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(COUNT_QUERY))[
                0
            ]["count"]

            return {
                "results": [Graph(**row) for row in ret],
                "total_entries": count,
            }

        else:
            QUERY = f"""
                SELECT * FROM {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)} WHERE id = $1
            """

            params = [graph_id]  # type: ignore

            return {
                "results": [
                    Graph(
                        **await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                            QUERY, params
                        )
                    )
                ]
            }

    async def add_documents(self, id: UUID, document_ids: list[UUID]) -> bool:
        """
        Add documents to the graph by copying their entities and relationships.
        """
        # Copy entities from document_entity to graphs_entities
        ENTITY_COPY_QUERY = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name("graphs_entities")} (
                name, category, description, parent_id, description_embedding,
                chunk_ids, metadata
            )
            SELECT
                name, category, description, $1, description_embedding,
                chunk_ids, metadata
            FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")}
            WHERE parent_id = ANY($2)
        """
        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
            ENTITY_COPY_QUERY, [id, document_ids]
        )

        # Copy relationships from documents_relationships to graphs_relationships
        RELATIONSHIP_COPY_QUERY = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name("graphs_relationships")} (
                subject, predicate, object, description, subject_id, object_id,
                weight, chunk_ids, parent_id, metadata, description_embedding
            )
            SELECT
                subject, predicate, object, description, subject_id, object_id,
                weight, chunk_ids, $1, metadata, description_embedding
            FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_relationships")}
            WHERE parent_id = ANY($2)
        """
        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
            RELATIONSHIP_COPY_QUERY, [id, document_ids]
        )

        # Add document_ids to the graph
        UPDATE_GRAPH_QUERY = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
            SET document_ids = array_cat(
                CASE
                    WHEN document_ids IS NULL THEN ARRAY[]::uuid[]
                    ELSE document_ids
                END,
                $2::uuid[]
            )
            WHERE id = $1
        """
        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
            UPDATE_GRAPH_QUERY, [id, document_ids]
        )

        return True

    async def update(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID,
        name: Optional[str] = None,
        description: Optional[str] = None,
    ) -> GraphResponse:
        """Update an existing graph."""
        update_fields = []
        params: list = []
        param_index = 1

        if name is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"name = ${param_index}")
            params.append(name)
            param_index += 1

        if description is not None:
            update_fields.append(f"description = ${param_index}")
            params.append(description)
            param_index += 1

        if not update_fields:
            raise R2RException(status_code=400, message="No fields to update")

        update_fields.append("updated_at = NOW()")
        params.append(collection_id)

        query = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name(PostgresGraphsHandler.TABLE_NAME)}
            SET {', '.join(update_fields)}
            WHERE id = ${param_index}
            RETURNING id, name, description, status, created_at, updated_at, collection_id, document_ids
        """

        try:
            result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
                query, params
            )

            if not result:
                raise R2RException(status_code=404, message="Graph not found")

            return GraphResponse(
                id=result["id"],
                collection_id=result["collection_id"],
                name=result["name"],
                description=result["description"],
                status=result["status"],
                created_at=result["created_at"],
                document_ids=result["document_ids"] or [],
                updated_at=result["updated_at"],
            )
        except Exception as e:
            raise HTTPException(
                status_code=500,
                detail=f"An error occurred while updating the graph: {e}",
            )

    async def get_creation_estimate(
        self,
        graph_creation_settings: KGCreationSettings,
        document_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        collection_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
    ):
        """Get the estimated cost and time for creating a KG."""

        if bool(document_id) ^ bool(collection_id) is False:
            raise ValueError(
                "Exactly one of document_id or collection_id must be provided."
            )

        # todo: harmonize the document_id and id fields: postgres table contains document_id, but other places use id.

        document_ids = (
            [document_id]
            if document_id
            else [
                doc.id for doc in (await self.collections_handler.documents_in_collection(collection_id, offset=0, limit=-1))["results"]  # type: ignore
            ]
        )

        chunk_counts = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
            f"SELECT document_id, COUNT(*) as chunk_count FROM {self._get_table_name('vectors')} "
            f"WHERE document_id = ANY($1) GROUP BY document_id",
            [document_ids],
        )

        total_chunks = (
            sum(doc["chunk_count"] for doc in chunk_counts)
            // graph_creation_settings.chunk_merge_count
        )
        estimated_entities = (total_chunks * 10, total_chunks * 20)
        estimated_relationships = (
            int(estimated_entities[0] * 1.25),
            int(estimated_entities[1] * 1.5),
        )
        estimated_llm_calls = (
            total_chunks * 2 + estimated_entities[0],
            total_chunks * 2 + estimated_entities[1],
        )
        total_in_out_tokens = tuple(
            2000 * calls // 1000000 for calls in estimated_llm_calls
        )
        cost_per_million = llm_cost_per_million_tokens(
            graph_creation_settings.generation_config.model
        )
        estimated_cost = tuple(
            tokens * cost_per_million for tokens in total_in_out_tokens
        )
        total_time_in_minutes = tuple(
            tokens * 10 / 60 for tokens in total_in_out_tokens
        )

        return {
            "message": 'Ran Graph Creation Estimate (not the actual run). Note that these are estimated ranges, actual values may vary. To run the KG creation process, run `extract-triples` with `--run` in the cli, or `run_type="run"` in the client.',
            "document_count": len(document_ids),
            "number_of_jobs_created": len(document_ids) + 1,
            "total_chunks": total_chunks,
            "estimated_entities": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_entities
            ),
            "estimated_relationships": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_relationships
            ),
            "estimated_llm_calls": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_llm_calls
            ),
            "estimated_total_in_out_tokens_in_millions": _get_str_estimation_output(
                total_in_out_tokens
            ),
            "estimated_cost_in_usd": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_cost
            ),
            "estimated_total_time_in_minutes": "Depends on your API key tier. Accurate estimate coming soon. Rough estimate: "
            + _get_str_estimation_output(total_time_in_minutes),
        }

    async def get_enrichment_estimate(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID | None = None,
        graph_id: UUID | None = None,
        graph_enrichment_settings: KGEnrichmentSettings = KGEnrichmentSettings(),
    ):
        """Get the estimated cost and time for enriching a KG."""
        if collection_id is not None:

            document_ids = [
                doc.id
                for doc in (
                    await self.collections_handler.documents_in_collection(collection_id, offset=0, limit=-1)  # type: ignore
                )["results"]
            ]

            # Get entity and relationship counts
            entity_count = (
                await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                    f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {self._get_table_name('entity')} WHERE document_id = ANY($1);",
                    [document_ids],
                )
            )[0]["count"]

            if not entity_count:
                raise ValueError(
                    "No entities found in the graph. Please run `extract-triples` first."
                )

            relationship_count = (
                await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                    f"""SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_relationships")} WHERE document_id = ANY($1);""",
                    [document_ids],
                )
            )[0]["count"]

        else:
            entity_count = (
                await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                    f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {self._get_table_name('entity')} WHERE $1 = ANY(graph_ids);",
                    [graph_id],
                )
            )[0]["count"]

            if not entity_count:
                raise ValueError(
                    "No entities found in the graph. Please run `extract-triples` first."
                )

            relationship_count = (
                await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                    f"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {self._get_table_name('relationship')} WHERE $1 = ANY(graph_ids);",
                    [graph_id],
                )
            )[0]["count"]

        # Calculate estimates
        estimated_llm_calls = (entity_count // 10, entity_count // 5)
        tokens_in_millions = tuple(
            2000 * calls / 1000000 for calls in estimated_llm_calls
        )
        cost_per_million = llm_cost_per_million_tokens(
            graph_enrichment_settings.generation_config.model  # type: ignore
        )
        estimated_cost = tuple(
            tokens * cost_per_million for tokens in tokens_in_millions
        )
        estimated_time = tuple(
            tokens * 10 / 60 for tokens in tokens_in_millions
        )

        return {
            "message": 'Ran Graph Enrichment Estimate (not the actual run). Note that these are estimated ranges, actual values may vary. To run the KG enrichment process, run `build-communities` with `--run` in the cli, or `run_type="run"` in the client.',
            "total_entities": entity_count,
            "total_relationships": relationship_count,
            "estimated_llm_calls": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_llm_calls
            ),
            "estimated_total_in_out_tokens_in_millions": _get_str_estimation_output(
                tokens_in_millions
            ),
            "estimated_cost_in_usd": _get_str_estimation_output(
                estimated_cost
            ),
            "estimated_total_time_in_minutes": "Depends on your API key tier. Accurate estimate coming soon. Rough estimate: "
            + _get_str_estimation_output(estimated_time),
        }

    async def get_deduplication_estimate(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID,
        kg_deduplication_settings: KGEntityDeduplicationSettings,
    ):
        """Get the estimated cost and time for deduplicating entities in a KG."""
        try:
            query = f"""
                SELECT name, count(name)
                FROM {self._get_table_name("entity")}
                WHERE document_id = ANY(
                    SELECT document_id FROM {self._get_table_name("documents")}
                    WHERE $1 = ANY(collection_ids)
                )
                GROUP BY name
                HAVING count(name) >= 5
            """
            entities = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                query, [collection_id]
            )
            num_entities = len(entities)

            estimated_llm_calls = (num_entities, num_entities)
            tokens_in_millions = (
                estimated_llm_calls[0] * 1000 / 1000000,
                estimated_llm_calls[1] * 5000 / 1000000,
            )
            cost_per_million = llm_cost_per_million_tokens(
                kg_deduplication_settings.generation_config.model
            )
            estimated_cost = (
                tokens_in_millions[0] * cost_per_million,
                tokens_in_millions[1] * cost_per_million,
            )
            estimated_time = (
                tokens_in_millions[0] * 10 / 60,
                tokens_in_millions[1] * 10 / 60,
            )

            return {
                "message": "Ran Deduplication Estimate (not the actual run). Note that these are estimated ranges.",
                "num_entities": num_entities,
                "estimated_llm_calls": _get_str_estimation_output(
                    estimated_llm_calls
                ),
                "estimated_total_in_out_tokens_in_millions": _get_str_estimation_output(
                    tokens_in_millions
                ),
                "estimated_cost_in_usd": _get_str_estimation_output(
                    estimated_cost
                ),
                "estimated_total_time_in_minutes": _get_str_estimation_output(
                    estimated_time
                ),
            }
        except UndefinedTableError:
            raise R2RException(
                "Entity embedding table not found. Please run `extract-triples` first.",
                404,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            logger.error(f"Error in get_deduplication_estimate: {str(e)}")
            raise HTTPException(500, "Error fetching deduplication estimate.")

    async def get_entities(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        entity_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        entity_names: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        include_embeddings: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[list[Entity], int]:
        """
        Get entities for a graph.

        Args:
            offset: Number of records to skip
            limit: Maximum number of records to return (-1 for no limit)
            parent_id: UUID of the collection
            entity_ids: Optional list of entity IDs to filter by
            entity_names: Optional list of entity names to filter by
            include_embeddings: Whether to include embeddings in the response

        Returns:
            Tuple of (list of entities, total count)
        """
        conditions = ["parent_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if entity_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(entity_ids)
            param_index += 1

        if entity_names:
            conditions.append(f"name = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(entity_names)
            param_index += 1

        # Count query - uses the same conditions but without offset/limit
        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_entities")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """
        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(COUNT_QUERY, params)
        )[0]["count"]

        # Define base columns to select
        select_fields = """
            id, name, category, description, parent_id,
            chunk_ids, metadata
        """
        if include_embeddings:
            select_fields += ", description_embedding"

        # Main query for fetching entities with pagination
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_entities")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        entities = []
        for row in rows:
            entity_dict = dict(row)
            if isinstance(entity_dict["metadata"], str):
                try:
                    entity_dict["metadata"] = json.loads(
                        entity_dict["metadata"]
                    )
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    pass

            entities.append(Entity(**entity_dict))

        return entities, count

    async def get_relationships(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        relationship_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        relationship_types: Optional[list[str]] = None,
        include_embeddings: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[list[Relationship], int]:
        """
        Get relationships for a graph.

        Args:
            parent_id: UUID of the graph
            offset: Number of records to skip
            limit: Maximum number of records to return (-1 for no limit)
            relationship_ids: Optional list of relationship IDs to filter by
            relationship_types: Optional list of relationship types to filter by
            include_metadata: Whether to include metadata in the response

        Returns:
            Tuple of (list of relationships, total count)
        """
        conditions = ["parent_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if relationship_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(relationship_ids)
            param_index += 1

        if relationship_types:
            conditions.append(f"predicate = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(relationship_types)
            param_index += 1

        # Count query - uses the same conditions but without offset/limit
        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_relationships")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """
        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(COUNT_QUERY, params)
        )[0]["count"]

        # Define base columns to select
        select_fields = """
            id, subject, predicate, object, weight, chunk_ids, parent_id, metadata
        """
        if include_embeddings:
            select_fields += ", description_embedding"

        # Main query for fetching relationships with pagination
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_relationships")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        relationships = []
        for row in rows:
            relationship_dict = dict(row)
            if isinstance(relationship_dict["metadata"], str):
                try:
                    relationship_dict["metadata"] = json.loads(
                        relationship_dict["metadata"]
                    )
                except json.JSONDecodeError:
                    pass

            relationships.append(Relationship(**relationship_dict))

        return relationships, count

    async def add_entities(
        self,
        entities: list[Entity],
        table_name: str,
        conflict_columns: list[str] = [],
    ) -> asyncpg.Record:
        """
        Upsert entities into the entities_raw table. These are raw entities extracted from the document.

        Args:
            entities: list[Entity]: list of entities to upsert
            collection_name: str: name of the collection

        Returns:
            result: asyncpg.Record: result of the upsert operation
        """
        cleaned_entities = []
        for entity in entities:
            entity_dict = entity.to_dict()
            entity_dict["chunk_ids"] = (
                entity_dict["chunk_ids"]
                if entity_dict.get("chunk_ids")
                else []
            )
            entity_dict["description_embedding"] = (
                str(entity_dict["description_embedding"])
                if entity_dict.get("description_embedding")  # type: ignore
                else None
            )
            cleaned_entities.append(entity_dict)

        return await _add_objects(
            objects=cleaned_entities,
            full_table_name=self._get_table_name(table_name),
            connection_manager=self.connection_manager,
            conflict_columns=conflict_columns,
        )

    async def delete_node_via_document_id(
        self, document_id: UUID, collection_id: UUID
    ) -> None:
        # don't delete if status is PROCESSING.
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT graph_cluster_status FROM {self._get_table_name("collections")} WHERE id = $1
        """
        status = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, [collection_id])
        )[0]["graph_cluster_status"]
        if status == KGExtractionStatus.PROCESSING.value:
            return

        # Execute separate DELETE queries
        delete_queries = [
            f"""DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_relationships")} WHERE parent_id = $1""",
            f"""DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")} WHERE parent_id = $1""",
        ]

        for query in delete_queries:
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(query, [document_id])
        return None

    async def get_all_relationships(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID | None,
        graph_id: UUID | None,
        document_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
    ) -> list[Relationship]:

        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT id, subject, predicate, weight, object, parent_id FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_relationships")} WHERE parent_id = ANY($1)
        """
        relationships = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
            QUERY, [collection_id]
        )

        return [Relationship(**relationship) for relationship in relationships]

    async def has_document(self, graph_id: UUID, document_id: UUID) -> bool:
        """
        Check if a document exists in the graph's document_ids array.

        Args:
            graph_id (UUID): ID of the graph to check
            document_id (UUID): ID of the document to look for

        Returns:
            bool: True if document exists in graph, False otherwise

        Raises:
            R2RException: If graph not found
        """
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT EXISTS (
                SELECT 1
                FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs")}
                WHERE id = $1
                AND document_ids IS NOT NULL
                AND $2 = ANY(document_ids)
            ) as exists;
        """

        result = await self.connection_manager.fetchrow_query(
            QUERY, [graph_id, document_id]
        )

        if result is None:
            raise R2RException(f"Graph {graph_id} not found", 404)

        return result["exists"]

    async def get_communities(
        self,
        parent_id: UUID,
        offset: int,
        limit: int,
        community_ids: Optional[list[UUID]] = None,
        include_embeddings: bool = False,
    ) -> tuple[list[Community], int]:
        """
        Get communities for a graph.

        Args:
            collection_id: UUID of the collection
            offset: Number of records to skip
            limit: Maximum number of records to return (-1 for no limit)
            community_ids: Optional list of community IDs to filter by
            include_embeddings: Whether to include embeddings in the response

        Returns:
            Tuple of (list of communities, total count)
        """
        conditions = ["collection_id = $1"]
        params: list[Any] = [parent_id]
        param_index = 2

        if community_ids:
            conditions.append(f"id = ANY(${param_index})")
            params.append(community_ids)
            param_index += 1

        select_fields = """
            id, collection_id, name, summary, findings, rating, rating_explanation
        """
        if include_embeddings:
            select_fields += ", description_embedding"

        COUNT_QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT(*)
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
        """
        count = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(COUNT_QUERY, params)
        )[0]["count"]

        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT {select_fields}
            FROM {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")}
            WHERE {' AND '.join(conditions)}
            ORDER BY created_at
            OFFSET ${param_index}
        """
        params.append(offset)
        param_index += 1

        if limit != -1:
            QUERY += f" LIMIT ${param_index}"
            params.append(limit)

        rows = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params)

        communities = []
        for row in rows:
            community_dict = dict(row)
            communities.append(Community(**community_dict))

        return communities, count

    async def add_community(self, community: Community) -> None:

        # TODO: Fix in the short term.
        # we need to do this because postgres insert needs to be a string
        community.description_embedding = str(community.description_embedding)  # type: ignore[assignment]

        non_null_attrs = {
            k: v for k, v in community.__dict__.items() if v is not None
        }
        columns = ", ".join(non_null_attrs.keys())
        placeholders = ", ".join(f"${i+1}" for i in range(len(non_null_attrs)))

        conflict_columns = ", ".join(
            [f"{k} = EXCLUDED.{k}" for k in non_null_attrs]
        )

        QUERY = f"""
            INSERT INTO {self._get_table_name("graphs_communities")} ({columns})
            VALUES ({placeholders})
            ON CONFLICT (community_id, level, collection_id) DO UPDATE SET
                {conflict_columns}
            """

        await self.connection_manager.execute_many(
            QUERY, [tuple(non_null_attrs.values())]
        )

    async def delete_graph_for_collection(
        self, collection_id: UUID, cascade: bool = False
    ) -> None:

        # don't delete if status is PROCESSING.
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT graph_cluster_status FROM {self._get_table_name("collections")} WHERE id = $1
        """
        status = (
            await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, [collection_id])
        )[0]["graph_cluster_status"]
        if status == KGExtractionStatus.PROCESSING.value:
            return

        # remove all relationships for these documents.
        DELETE_QUERIES = [
            f"DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name('graphs_communities')} WHERE collection_id = $1;",
        ]

        # FIXME: This was using the pagination defaults from before... We need to review if this is as intended.
        document_ids_response = (
            await self.collections_handler.documents_in_collection(
                offset=0,
                limit=100,
                collection_id=collection_id,
            )
        )

        # This type ignore is due to insufficient typing of the documents_in_collection method
        document_ids = [doc.id for doc in document_ids_response["results"]]  # type: ignore

        # TODO: make these queries more efficient. Pass the document_ids as params.
        if cascade:
            DELETE_QUERIES += [
                f"DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name('graphs_relationships')} WHERE document_id = ANY($1::uuid[]);",
                f"DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name('graphs_entities')} WHERE document_id = ANY($1::uuid[]);",
                f"DELETE FROM {self._get_table_name('graphs_entities')} WHERE collection_id = $1;",
            ]

            # setting the kg_creation_status to PENDING for this collection.
            QUERY = f"""
                UPDATE {self._get_table_name("documents")} SET extraction_status = $1 WHERE $2::uuid = ANY(collection_ids)
            """
            await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                QUERY, [KGExtractionStatus.PENDING, collection_id]
            )

        if document_ids:
            for query in DELETE_QUERIES:
                if "community" in query or "graphs_entities" in query:
                    await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                        query, [collection_id]
                    )
                else:
                    await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
                        query, [document_ids]
                    )

        # set status to PENDING for this collection.
        QUERY = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name("collections")} SET graph_cluster_status = $1 WHERE id = $2
        """
        await self.connection_manager.execute_query(
            QUERY, [KGExtractionStatus.PENDING, collection_id]
        )

    async def perform_graph_clustering(
        self,
        collection_id: UUID,
        leiden_params: dict[str, Any],
        clustering_mode: str,
    ) -> Tuple[int, Any]:
        """
        Calls the external clustering service to cluster the KG.
        """

        offset = 0
        page_size = 1000
        all_relationships = []
        while True:
            relationships, count = await self.relationships.get(
                parent_id=collection_id,
                store_type=StoreType.GRAPHS,
                offset=offset,
                limit=page_size,
            )

            if not relationships:
                break

            all_relationships.extend(relationships)
            offset += len(relationships)

            if offset >= count:
                break

        relationship_ids_cache = await self._get_relationship_ids_cache(
            all_relationships
        )

        logger.info(
            f"Clustering over {len(all_relationships)} relationships for {collection_id} with settings: {leiden_params}"
        )

        return await self._cluster_and_add_community_info(
            relationships=all_relationships,
            relationship_ids_cache=relationship_ids_cache,
            leiden_params=leiden_params,
            collection_id=collection_id,
            clustering_mode=clustering_mode,
        )

    async def _call_clustering_service(
        self, relationships: list[Relationship], leiden_params: dict[str, Any]
    ) -> list[dict]:
        """
        Calls the external Graspologic clustering service, sending relationships and parameters.
        Expects a response with 'communities' field.
        """
        # Convert relationships to a JSON-friendly format
        rel_data = []
        for r in relationships:
            rel_data.append(
                {
                    "id": str(r.id),
                    "subject": r.subject,
                    "object": r.object,
                    "weight": r.weight if r.weight is not None else 1.0,
                }
            )

        endpoint = os.environ.get("CLUSTERING_SERVICE_URL")
        if not endpoint:
            raise ValueError("CLUSTERING_SERVICE_URL not set.")

        url = f"{endpoint}/cluster"

        payload = {"relationships": rel_data, "leiden_params": leiden_params}

        async with httpx.AsyncClient() as client:
            response = await client.post(url, json=payload, timeout=3600)
            response.raise_for_status()

        data = response.json()
        communities = data.get("communities", [])
        return communities

    async def _create_graph_and_cluster(
        self,
        relationships: list[Relationship],
        leiden_params: dict[str, Any],
        clustering_mode: str = "remote",
    ) -> Any:
        """
        Create a graph and cluster it. If clustering_mode='local', use hierarchical_leiden locally.
        If clustering_mode='remote', call the external service.
        """

        if clustering_mode == "remote":
            logger.info("Sending request to external clustering service...")
            communities = await self._call_clustering_service(
                relationships, leiden_params
            )
            logger.info("Received communities from clustering service.")
            return communities
        else:
            # Local mode: run hierarchical_leiden directly
            G = self.nx.Graph()
            for relationship in relationships:
                G.add_edge(
                    relationship.subject,
                    relationship.object,
                    weight=relationship.weight,
                    id=relationship.id,
                )

            logger.info(
                f"Graph has {len(G.nodes)} nodes and {len(G.edges)} edges"
            )
            return await self._compute_leiden_communities(G, leiden_params)

    async def _cluster_and_add_community_info(
        self,
        relationships: list[Relationship],
        relationship_ids_cache: dict[str, list[int]],
        leiden_params: dict[str, Any],
        collection_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        clustering_mode: str = "local",
    ) -> Tuple[int, Any]:

        # clear if there is any old information
        conditions = []
        if collection_id is not None:
            conditions.append("collection_id = $1")

        await asyncio.sleep(0.1)

        start_time = time.time()

        logger.info(f"Creating graph and clustering for {collection_id}")

        hierarchical_communities = await self._create_graph_and_cluster(
            relationships=relationships,
            leiden_params=leiden_params,
            clustering_mode=clustering_mode,
        )

        logger.info(
            f"Computing Leiden communities completed, time {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds."
        )

        def relationship_ids(node: str) -> list[int]:
            return relationship_ids_cache.get(node, [])

        logger.info(
            f"Cached {len(relationship_ids_cache)} relationship ids, time {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds."
        )

        # If remote: hierarchical_communities is a list of dicts like:
        # [{"node": str, "cluster": int, "level": int}, ...]
        # If local: hierarchical_communities is the returned structure from hierarchical_leiden (list of named tuples)

        if clustering_mode == "remote":
            if not hierarchical_communities:
                num_communities = 0
            else:
                num_communities = (
                    max(item["cluster"] for item in hierarchical_communities)
                    + 1
                )
        else:
            # Local mode: hierarchical_communities returned by hierarchical_leiden
            # According to the original code, it's likely a list of items with .cluster attribute
            if not hierarchical_communities:
                num_communities = 0
            else:
                num_communities = (
                    max(item.cluster for item in hierarchical_communities) + 1
                )

        logger.info(
            f"Generated {num_communities} communities, time {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds."
        )

        return num_communities, hierarchical_communities

    async def _get_relationship_ids_cache(
        self, relationships: list[Relationship]
    ) -> dict[str, list[int]]:
        relationship_ids_cache: dict[str, list[int]] = {}
        for relationship in relationships:
            if relationship.subject is not None:
                relationship_ids_cache.setdefault(relationship.subject, [])
                if relationship.id is not None:
                    relationship_ids_cache[relationship.subject].append(
                        relationship.id
                    )
            if relationship.object is not None:
                relationship_ids_cache.setdefault(relationship.object, [])
                if relationship.id is not None:
                    relationship_ids_cache[relationship.object].append(
                        relationship.id
                    )

        return relationship_ids_cache

    async def get_entity_map(
        self, offset: int, limit: int, document_id: UUID
    ) -> dict[str, dict[str, list[dict[str, Any]]]]:

        QUERY1 = f"""
            WITH entities_list AS (
                SELECT DISTINCT name
                FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
                ORDER BY name ASC
                LIMIT {limit} OFFSET {offset}
            )
            SELECT e.name, e.description, e.category,
                   (SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT x) FROM unnest(e.chunk_ids) x) AS chunk_ids,
                   e.parent_id
            FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")} e
            JOIN entities_list el ON e.name = el.name
            GROUP BY e.name, e.description, e.category, e.chunk_ids, e.parent_id
            ORDER BY e.name;"""

        entities_list = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
            QUERY1, [document_id]
        )
        entities_list = [Entity(**entity) for entity in entities_list]

        QUERY2 = f"""
            WITH entities_list AS (

                SELECT DISTINCT name
                FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")}
                WHERE parent_id = $1
                ORDER BY name ASC
                LIMIT {limit} OFFSET {offset}
            )

            SELECT DISTINCT t.subject, t.predicate, t.object, t.weight, t.description,
                   (SELECT array_agg(DISTINCT x) FROM unnest(t.chunk_ids) x) AS chunk_ids, t.parent_id
            FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_relationships")} t
            JOIN entities_list el ON t.subject = el.name
            ORDER BY t.subject, t.predicate, t.object;
        """

        relationships_list = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
            QUERY2, [document_id]
        )
        relationships_list = [
            Relationship(**relationship) for relationship in relationships_list
        ]

        entity_map: dict[str, dict[str, list[Any]]] = {}
        for entity in entities_list:
            if entity.name not in entity_map:
                entity_map[entity.name] = {"entities": [], "relationships": []}
            entity_map[entity.name]["entities"].append(entity)

        for relationship in relationships_list:
            if relationship.subject in entity_map:
                entity_map[relationship.subject]["relationships"].append(
                    relationship
                )
            if relationship.object in entity_map:
                entity_map[relationship.object]["relationships"].append(
                    relationship
                )

        return entity_map

    async def graph_search(
        self, query: str, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> AsyncGenerator[Any, None]:
        """
        Perform semantic search with similarity scores while maintaining exact same structure.
        """

        query_embedding = kwargs.get("query_embedding", None)
        if query_embedding is None:
            raise ValueError(
                "query_embedding must be provided for semantic search"
            )

        search_type = kwargs.get(
            "search_type", "entities"
        )  # entities | relationships | communities
        embedding_type = kwargs.get("embedding_type", "description_embedding")
        property_names = kwargs.get("property_names", ["name", "description"])

        # Add metadata if not present
        if "metadata" not in property_names:
            property_names.append("metadata")

        filters = kwargs.get("filters", {})
        limit = kwargs.get("limit", 10)
        use_fulltext_search = kwargs.get("use_fulltext_search", True)
        use_hybrid_search = kwargs.get("use_hybrid_search", True)

        if use_hybrid_search or use_fulltext_search:
            logger.warning(
                "Hybrid and fulltext search not supported for graph search, ignoring."
            )

        table_name = f"graphs_{search_type}"
        property_names_str = ", ".join(property_names)

        # Build the WHERE clause from filters
        params: list[Union[str, int, bytes]] = [
            json.dumps(query_embedding),
            limit,
        ]
        conditions_clause = self._build_filters(filters, params, search_type)
        where_clause = (
            f"WHERE {conditions_clause}" if conditions_clause else ""
        )

        # Construct the query
        # Note: For vector similarity, we use <=> for distance. The smaller the number, the more similar.
        # We'll convert that to similarity_score by doing (1 - distance).
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT
                {property_names_str},
                ({embedding_type} <=> $1) as similarity_score
            FROM {self._get_table_name(table_name)}
            {where_clause}
            ORDER BY {embedding_type} <=> $1
            LIMIT $2;
        """

        results = await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
            QUERY, tuple(params)
        )

        for result in results:
            output = {
                prop: result[prop] for prop in property_names if prop in result
            }
            output["similarity_score"] = 1 - float(result["similarity_score"])
            yield output

    def _build_filters(
        self, filter_dict: dict, parameters: list[Any], search_type: str
    ) -> str:
        """
        Build a WHERE clause from a nested filter dictionary for the graph search.
        For communities we use collection_id as primary key filter; for entities/relationships we use parent_id.
        """

        # Determine primary identifier column depending on search_type
        # communities: use collection_id
        # entities/relationships: use parent_id
        base_id_column = (
            "collection_id" if search_type == "communities" else "parent_id"
        )

        def parse_condition(key: str, value: Any) -> str:
            # This function returns a single condition (string) or empty if no valid condition.
            # Supported keys:
            # - base_id_column (collection_id or parent_id)
            # - metadata fields: metadata.some_field
            # Supported ops: $eq, $ne, $lt, $lte, $gt, $gte, $in, $contains
            if key == base_id_column:
                # e.g. {"collection_id": {"$eq": "<some-uuid>"}}
                if isinstance(value, dict):
                    op, clause = next(iter(value.items()))
                    if op == "$eq":
                        parameters.append(str(clause))
                        return f"{base_id_column} = ${len(parameters)}::uuid"
                    elif op == "$in":
                        # $in expects a list of UUIDs
                        parameters.append([str(x) for x in clause])
                        return f"{base_id_column} = ANY(${len(parameters)}::uuid[])"
                else:
                    # direct equality?
                    parameters.append(str(value))
                    return f"{base_id_column} = ${len(parameters)}::uuid"

            elif key.startswith("metadata."):
                # Handle metadata filters
                # Example: {"metadata.some_key": {"$eq": "value"}}
                field = key.split("metadata.")[1]

                if isinstance(value, dict):
                    op, clause = next(iter(value.items()))
                    if op == "$eq":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}') = ${len(parameters)}"
                    elif op == "$ne":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}') != ${len(parameters)}"
                    elif op == "$lt":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}')::float < ${len(parameters)}::float"
                    elif op == "$lte":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}')::float <= ${len(parameters)}::float"
                    elif op == "$gt":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}')::float > ${len(parameters)}::float"
                    elif op == "$gte":
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        return f"(metadata->>'{field}')::float >= ${len(parameters)}::float"
                    elif op == "$in":
                        # Ensure clause is a list
                        if not isinstance(clause, list):
                            raise Exception(
                                "argument to $in filter must be a list"
                            )
                        # Append the Python list as a parameter; many drivers can convert Python lists to arrays
                        parameters.append(clause)
                        # Cast the parameter to a text array type
                        return f"(metadata->>'{key}')::text = ANY(${len(parameters)}::text[])"

                    # elif op == "$in":
                    #     # For $in, we assume an array of values and check if the field is in that set.
                    #     # Note: This is simplistic, adjust as needed.
                    #     parameters.append(clause)
                    #     # convert field to text and check membership
                    #     return f"(metadata->>'{field}') = ANY(SELECT jsonb_array_elements_text(${len(parameters)}::jsonb))"
                    elif op == "$contains":
                        # $contains for metadata likely means metadata @> clause in JSON.
                        # If clause is dict or list, we use json containment.
                        parameters.append(json.dumps(clause))
                        return f"metadata @> ${len(parameters)}::jsonb"
                else:
                    # direct equality
                    parameters.append(value)
                    return f"(metadata->>'{field}') = ${len(parameters)}"

            # Add additional conditions for other columns if needed
            # If key not recognized, return empty so it doesn't break query
            return ""

        def parse_filter(fd: dict) -> str:
            filter_conditions = []
            for k, v in fd.items():
                if k == "$and":
                    and_parts = [parse_filter(sub) for sub in v if sub]
                    # Remove empty strings
                    and_parts = [x for x in and_parts if x.strip()]
                    if and_parts:
                        filter_conditions.append(
                            f"({' AND '.join(and_parts)})"
                        )
                elif k == "$or":
                    or_parts = [parse_filter(sub) for sub in v if sub]
                    # Remove empty strings
                    or_parts = [x for x in or_parts if x.strip()]
                    if or_parts:
                        filter_conditions.append(f"({' OR '.join(or_parts)})")
                else:
                    # Regular condition
                    c = parse_condition(k, v)
                    if c and c.strip():
                        filter_conditions.append(c)

            if not filter_conditions:
                return ""
            if len(filter_conditions) == 1:
                return filter_conditions[0]
            return " AND ".join(filter_conditions)

        return parse_filter(filter_dict)

    # async def _create_graph_and_cluster(
    #     self, relationships: list[Relationship], leiden_params: dict[str, Any]
    # ) -> Any:

    #     G = self.nx.Graph()
    #     for relationship in relationships:
    #         G.add_edge(
    #             relationship.subject,
    #             relationship.object,
    #             weight=relationship.weight,
    #             id=relationship.id,
    #         )

    #     logger.info(f"Graph has {len(G.nodes)} nodes and {len(G.edges)} edges")

    #     return await self._compute_leiden_communities(G, leiden_params)

    async def _compute_leiden_communities(
        self,
        graph: Any,
        leiden_params: dict[str, Any],
    ) -> Any:
        """Compute Leiden communities."""
        try:
            from graspologic.partition import hierarchical_leiden

            if "random_seed" not in leiden_params:
                leiden_params["random_seed"] = (
                    7272  # add seed to control randomness
                )

            start_time = time.time()
            logger.info(
                f"Running Leiden clustering with params: {leiden_params}"
            )

            community_mapping = hierarchical_leiden(graph, **leiden_params)

            logger.info(
                f"Leiden clustering completed in {time.time() - start_time:.2f} seconds."
            )
            return community_mapping

        except ImportError as e:
            raise ImportError("Please install the graspologic package.") from e

    async def get_existing_document_entity_chunk_ids(
        self, document_id: UUID
    ) -> list[str]:
        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT DISTINCT unnest(chunk_ids) AS chunk_id FROM {self._get_table_name("documents_entities")} WHERE parent_id = $1
        """
        return [
            item["chunk_id"]
            for item in await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(
                QUERY, [document_id]
            )
        ]

    async def get_entity_count(
        self,
        collection_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        document_id: Optional[UUID] = None,
        distinct: bool = False,
        entity_table_name: str = "entity",
    ) -> int:

        if collection_id is None and document_id is None:
            raise ValueError(
                "Either collection_id or document_id must be provided."
            )

        conditions = ["parent_id = $1"]
        params = [str(document_id)]

        count_value = "DISTINCT name" if distinct else "*"

        QUERY = f"""
            SELECT COUNT({count_value}) FROM {self._get_table_name(entity_table_name)}
            WHERE {" AND ".join(conditions)}
        """

        return (await self.connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, params))[0][
            "count"
        ]

    async def update_entity_descriptions(self, entities: list[Entity]):

        query = f"""
            UPDATE {self._get_table_name("graphs_entities")}
            SET description = $3, description_embedding = $4
            WHERE name = $1 AND graph_id = $2
        """

        inputs = [
            (
                entity.name,
                entity.parent_id,
                entity.description,
                entity.description_embedding,
            )
            for entity in entities
        ]

        await self.connection_manager.execute_many(query, inputs)  # type: ignore


def _json_serialize(obj):
    if isinstance(obj, UUID):
        return str(obj)
    elif isinstance(obj, (datetime.datetime, datetime.date)):
        return obj.isoformat()
    raise TypeError(f"Object of type {type(obj)} is not JSON serializable")


async def _add_objects(
    objects: list[dict],
    full_table_name: str,
    connection_manager: PostgresConnectionManager,
    conflict_columns: list[str] = [],
    exclude_metadata: list[str] = [],
) -> list[UUID]:
    """
    Bulk insert objects into the specified table using jsonb_to_recordset.
    """

    # Exclude specified metadata and prepare data
    cleaned_objects = []
    for obj in objects:
        cleaned_obj = {
            k: v
            for k, v in obj.items()
            if k not in exclude_metadata and v is not None
        }
        cleaned_objects.append(cleaned_obj)

    # Serialize the list of objects to JSON
    json_data = json.dumps(cleaned_objects, default=_json_serialize)

    # Prepare the column definitions for jsonb_to_recordset

    columns = cleaned_objects[0].keys()
    column_defs = []
    for col in columns:
        # Map Python types to PostgreSQL types
        sample_value = cleaned_objects[0][col]
        if "embedding" in col:
            pg_type = "vector"
        elif "chunk_ids" in col or "document_ids" in col or "graph_ids" in col:
            pg_type = "uuid[]"
        elif col == "id" or "_id" in col:
            pg_type = "uuid"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, str):
            pg_type = "text"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, UUID):
            pg_type = "uuid"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, (int, float)):
            pg_type = "numeric"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, list) and all(
            isinstance(x, UUID) for x in sample_value
        ):
            pg_type = "uuid[]"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, list):
            pg_type = "jsonb"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, dict):
            pg_type = "jsonb"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, bool):
            pg_type = "boolean"
        elif isinstance(sample_value, (datetime.datetime, datetime.date)):
            pg_type = "timestamp"
        else:
            raise TypeError(
                f"Unsupported data type for column '{col}': {type(sample_value)}"
            )

        column_defs.append(f"{col} {pg_type}")

    columns_str = ", ".join(columns)
    column_defs_str = ", ".join(column_defs)

    if conflict_columns:
        conflict_columns_str = ", ".join(conflict_columns)
        update_columns_str = ", ".join(
            f"{col}=EXCLUDED.{col}"
            for col in columns
            if col not in conflict_columns
        )
        on_conflict_clause = f"ON CONFLICT ({conflict_columns_str}) DO UPDATE SET {update_columns_str}"
    else:
        on_conflict_clause = ""

    QUERY = f"""
        INSERT INTO {full_table_name} ({columns_str})
        SELECT {columns_str}
        FROM jsonb_to_recordset($1::jsonb)
        AS x({column_defs_str})
        {on_conflict_clause}
        RETURNING id;
    """

    # Execute the query
    result = await connection_manager.fetch_query(QUERY, [json_data])

    # Extract and return the IDs
    return [record["id"] for record in result]